Thirunakaran, R., Sivashanmugama, A., Gopukumar, S., Dunnill, C. W. and Gregory, D. H. (2008) Phthalic acid assisted nano-sized spinel LiMn2O4 and LiCrxMn2-xO4 (x=0.00-0.40) via sol-gel synthesis and its electrochemical behaviour for use in Li-ion-batteries. Materials Research Bulletin, 43(8-9), pp. 2119-2129. (doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2007.09.021)
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Abstract
Nano-sized particles of spinel LiMn2O4 and LiCrxMn2-xO4 (x = Cr; 0.00-0.40) have been synthesized using phthalic acid as chelating agent for the first time by sol-gel method. When compared to solid-state synthesis method, the sol-gel route reduces heating time of synthesize and to obtain particles of uniform surface morphology. The synthesized samples were characterized through thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SEM images of the parent compounds show nanospherical grains of LiMn2O4 when compared to chromium-doped ones. XRD patterns of LiMn2O4 ascertain amorphous nature and for high calcined LiCrxMn2-xO4 single phase highly crystalline patterns were obtained. TEM images of the parent and chromium-doped spinel particles depict individual grain morphology with well-separated grain boundaries. LiCr0.10Mn1.90O4 excels in discharge and cycling behaviour and offer higher columbic efficiency, when compared to un-doped LiMn2O4. Cyclic voltammograms of LiMn2O4 and LiCrxMn2-xO4 exhibit oxidation and reduction peaks corresponding to Mn3+/Mn4+ and Cr3+/Cr4+. .
Item Type: | Articles |
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Keywords: | ACID AL CATHODE MATERIALS CELLS CO CR CRYSTALLINE DIFFRACTION ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES ELECTRON ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY energy storage INSERTION intercalation reactions LiCrxMn2-xO4 LiMn2O4 lithium MORPHOLOGY OXIDATION PARTICLES PHASE REDUCTION ROUTE SAMPLES SEM SINGLE sol-gel chemistry Sol-gel method SOL-GEL SYNTHESIS SOLID-STATE SURFACE SYSTEM TEMPERATURE TRANSMISSION VOLTAGE X-RAY X-ray diffraction X-RAY-DIFFRACTION XRD |
Status: | Published |
Refereed: | Yes |
Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID: | Gregory, Professor Duncan |
Authors: | Thirunakaran, R., Sivashanmugama, A., Gopukumar, S., Dunnill, C. W., and Gregory, D. H. |
College/School: | College of Science and Engineering > School of Chemistry |
Journal Name: | Materials Research Bulletin |
ISSN: | 0025-5408 |
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