The COVID-19 pandemic intensified resource conflicts and indigenous resistance in Brazil

Menton, M.S. , Milanez, F., de Andrade Souza, J.M. and Cruz, F.S.M. (2021) The COVID-19 pandemic intensified resource conflicts and indigenous resistance in Brazil. World Development, 138, a10522. (doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105222)

Abstract

Indigenous peoples in Brazil have suffered disproportionately from the COVID-19 pandemic due to limited access to an already precarious public health system together with continued attacks on their cultures, their territories and their way of life. These attacks come as part of the government's attempts to further neoliberal development and undermine environmental and indigenous rights, taking advantage of what the Minister of Environment called 'a moment of calm while the press is focusing on the pandemic'. The pandemic has intensified environmental conflicts affecting indigenous peoples, both in amplifying conflicts but also in sparking new acts of resistance and self-protection of indigenous lives and territories. Based on case studies and monitoring of rapidly evolving social media and WhatsApp posts, we analyse these processes through a political ecology lens. We find confirmed cases and deaths amongst indigenous peoples centred around tourism hotspots, mining sites, and other development projects. Yet the presence of these risks, and long term conflicts related to land-grabbing and resource theft linked to said development, has in some cases strengthened community ties and increased capacity for active resistance. While some Mebengokrê (Kayapó) communities in the Amazon have fled further into the forest to maintain isolation, others have expelled gold-miners from their villages. Tupinambá and Pataxó communities in the Northeast have set up blockades to keep people, and the virus, out. The retomadas, or reclaiming of land, of the Tupinambá, Pataxó and Pataxó-Hãhãhai in Bahia State, are a case in point: the long-term struggle to reclaim their lands has strengthened community ties and capacity for active resistance. The recent road blockades of the Mebengokrê (Kayapó) incorporated demands for COVID-19 support into a long history of demands for compensation for the negative impacts suffered from mining and road construction in their territories. At the national level, indigenous movements, which have grown in strength and number in the fight against Bolsonaro's 'politics of extermination' and through engagement of a new cohort of indigenous youth who had access to higher education, were able to draw on social media and indigenous led court cases to help counteract the 'genocide by omission' that has been worsened by the pandemic.

• Item Type: Articles
• Additional Information: This study is part of the project “Another Sky: Mapping violence against indigenous peoples in Brazil” a collaboration between the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Federal University of the Recôncavo of Bahia (UFRB), State University of Bahia (UNEB) and the University of Sussex and funded by the University of Sussex/Research England/Global Challenges Research Fund (IDCF1-G2626-08). It was also supported by the British Academy funded project (SDP2\100278) “‘Sustainable’ development and atmospheres of violence: experiences of environmental defenders” and by the M Stanley Charitable Trust. We would like to thank Lara Erendira and Cristiane Julião Pankararu for their assistance with the map, and two anonymous reviewers and Clare Ferguson for helpful feedback on an earlier draft. We would also like to thank APIB, APOINME, ANAÍ, MUPOIBA and the indigenous leaders who spoke to us and shared their stories and information with our team, including: Mekaron-ti Txucarramãe, Matavitsa Kena Waura Txucarramãe, Mayalú Kokometi Waurá Txucarramãe, Takaktyx Kayapó, Irekran Kayapó, Maial Kayapó, Katia Akrãtikatêjê, Ruivaldo Valdenilson Akrãtikatêjê, Analimar Koni Kanamari, Higson Warü Kanamari, Thoda Kanamari, Kora Kanamari, Alessandra Korap Munduruku, Sônia Guajajara, Dinamam Tuxá, Eloy Terena, Fabio Vieira Titiah, Fabricio Titiah, Hemersson Dantas, Dr. Edvaldo Pataxó., Rosivaldo Ferreira da Silva (Cacique Babau), Glicelia Jesus da Silva, Agnaldo Francisco dos Santos, Elisangela Batista, Cacique Miguel Tumbalálá, Marcley Pataxó, Kãnhu Pataxó, Nádia Akauan, Nicinha Tupinambá, Samara Pataxó, Rutian Pataxó, Watatakalu Yawalapiti, Jurandir Siridiwe Xavante, Cipasse Xavante, Caimi Xavante, Jamiro Xavante, Fernanda Kaingang, and João Paulo Tukano.
• Status: Published
• Refereed: Yes
• Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID: Menton, Dr Mary
• Authors: Menton, M.S., Milanez, F., de Andrade Souza, J.M., and Cruz, F.S.M.
• College/School: College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences > School of Health & Wellbeing > MRC/CSO SPHSU
• Journal Name: World Development
• Publisher: Elsevier
• ISSN: 0305-750X
• ISSN (Online): 1873-5991
• Published Online: 28 October 2020