Schneider, J. , Basak, S., Hou, Y., Koo, J. H., Wardle, B. L., Gadegaard, N. and Kumar, S. (2024) 3D printed polyetheretherketone smart polymer nanocomposite scaffolds: mechanical, self-sensing, and biological attributes. Advanced Engineering Materials, (doi: 10.1002/adem.202301659) (Early Online Publication)
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Abstract
This study demonstrates the mechanical, self-sensing, and biological characteristics of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)-engineered 3D-printed polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composite scaffolds, utilizing custom-made feedstocks. Microstructural analysis and macroscale testing reveal that the PEEK/CNT scaffolds with 6 wt% CNT content and 46% relative density achieve a gauge factor of up to 75, a modulus of 0.64 GPa, and a compressive strength of 64 MPa. The PEEK/CNT2.5/GNP2.5 scaffolds evince still better performance, at a relative density of 73%, reporting a modulus of up to 1.1 GPa and a compressive strength of 122 MPa. Importantly, stability in mechanical and piezoresistive performance up to 500 cycles is noted, indicating a durable and reliable performance under cyclic loading. Murine preosteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) are used to biologically characterize sulfonated scaffolds over 14 days. Cytotoxicity, DNA, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels are quantified through in vitro assays, evaluating cell viability, proliferation, and osteogenic properties. Notably, PEEK/CNT 6 wt% scaffolds exhibit nearly 80% cytocompatibility, while PEEK/CNT2.5/GNP2.5 scaffolds reach nearly 100%. Both types of scaffolds support cell differentiation, as evidenced by elevated ALP levels. These findings carry significant promise in bone tissue engineering, paving the way for the development of adaptive, intelligent structural implants boasting enhanced biocompatibility and self-sensing capabilities.
| Item Type: | Articles |
|---|---|
| Additional Information: | This work was supported in part by the EPSRC Centre, funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (grant EP/R513222/1) and the University of Glasgow. |
| Status: | Early Online Publication |
| Refereed: | Yes |
| Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID: | Schneider, Johannes and Kumar, Professor Shanmugam and Gadegaard, Professor Nikolaj |
| Authors: | Schneider, J., Basak, S., Hou, Y., Koo, J. H., Wardle, B. L., Gadegaard, N., and Kumar, S. |
| College/School: | College of Science and Engineering > School of Engineering > Biomedical Engineering College of Science and Engineering > School of Engineering > Systems Power and Energy |
| Journal Name: | Advanced Engineering Materials |
| Publisher: | Wiley |
| ISSN: | 1438-1656 |
| ISSN (Online): | 1527-2648 |
| Copyright Holders: | Copyright © 2024 The Authors |
| First Published: | First published in Advanced Engineering Materials 2024 |
| Publisher Policy: | Reproduced under a creative commons licence |
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