MALTA-Cz: a radiation hard full-size monolithic CMOS sensor with small electrodes on high-resistivity Czochralski substrate

Pernegger, H. et al. (2023) MALTA-Cz: a radiation hard full-size monolithic CMOS sensor with small electrodes on high-resistivity Czochralski substrate. Journal of Instrumentation, 18(09), P09018. (doi: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/09/p09018)

Abstract

Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (DMAPS) sensors developed in the Tower Semiconductor 180 nm CMOS imaging process have been designed in the context of the ATLAS ITk upgrade Phase-II at the HL-LHC and for future collider experiments. The “MALTA-Czochralski (MALTA-Cz)” full size DMAPS sensor has been developed with the goal to demonstrate a radiation hard, thin CMOS sensor with high granularity, high hit-rate capability, fast response time and superior radiation tolerance. The design targets radiation hardness of > 1015 (1 MeV) neq/cm2 and 100 Mrad TID. The sensor shall operate as tracking sensor with a spatial resolution of ≈ 10 μm and be able to cope with hit rates in excess of 100 MHz/cm2 at the LHC bunch crossing frequency of 40 MHz. The 512 × 512 pixel sensor uses small collection electrodes (3.5 μm) to minimize capacitance. The small pixel size (36.4 × 36.4 μm2) provides high spatial resolution. Its asynchronous readout architecture is designed for high hit-rates and fast time response in triggered and trigger-less detector applications. The readout architecture is designed to stream all hit data to the multi-channel output which allows an off-sensor trigger formation and the use of hit-time information for event tagging. The sensor manufacturing has been optimised through process adaptation and special implant designs to allow the manufacturing of small electrode DMAPS on thick high-resistivity p-type Czochralski substrate. The special processing ensures excellent charge collection and charge particle detection efficiency even after a high level of radiation. Furthermore the special implant design and use of a Czochralski substrate improves the sensor's time resolution. This paper presents a summary of sensor design optimisation through process and implant choices and TCAD simulation to model the signal response. Beam and laboratory test results on unirradiated and irradiated sensors have shown excellent detection efficiency after a dose of 2 × 1015 1 MeV neq/cm2. The time resolution of the sensor is measured to be σ = 2 ns.

• Item Type: Articles
• Additional Information: This research project has received funding by the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network of the European Commission Horizon 2020 Programme under contract number 675587 “STREAM”.
• Keywords: Detector modelling and simulations II (electric fields, charge transport, multiplication and induction, pulse formation, electron emission, etc), Particle tracking detectors (Solid-state detectors), Radiation-hard detectors, Solid state detectors.
• Status: Published
• Refereed: Yes
• Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID: Buttar, Professor Craig
• Authors: Pernegger, H., Allport, P., Berlea, D.V., Birman, A., Bortoletto, D., Buttar, C., Charbon, E., Dachs, F., Dao, V., Denizli, H., Dobrijevic, D., Dyndal, M., Fenigstein, A., Flores Sanz de Acedo, L., Freeman, P., Gabrielli, A., Gazi, M., Gonella, L., Gonzalez, V., Gustavino, G., Haim, A., Kugathasan, T., LeBlanc, M., Munker, M., Oyulmaz, K.Y., Piro, F., Riedler, P., Sandaker, H., Schioppa, E.J., Sharma, A., Snoeys, W., Solans Sanchez, C., Suligoj, T., Toledano, E., van Rijnbach, M., Vazquez Nunez, M., Weick, J., Worm, S., and Zoubir, A.M.
• College/School: College of Science and Engineering > School of Physics and Astronomy
• Journal Name: Journal of Instrumentation
• Publisher: IOP Publishing
• ISSN: 1748-0221
• ISSN (Online): 1748-0221
• Copyright Holders: Copyright © 2023 The Authors
• First Published: First published in Journal of Instrumentation 18:P09018
• Publisher Policy: Reproduced under a Creative Commons licence

Project Code	Award No	Project Name	Principal Investigator	Funder's Name	Funder Ref	Lead Dept
171865		AIDA 2020: Advanced European Infrastructures for Detectors at Accelerators	Paul Soler	European Commission (EC)	AIDA-2020	P&S - Physics & Astronomy
172549		STREAM	Craig Buttar	European Commission (EC)	675587	P&S - Physics & Astronomy