Science with the Einstein Telescope: a comparison of different designs

Branchesi, M. et al. (2023) Science with the Einstein Telescope: a comparison of different designs. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, 2023, 068. (doi: 10.1088/1475-7516/2023/07/068)

Abstract

The Einstein Telescope (ET), the European project for a third-generation gravitational-wave detector, has a reference configuration based on a triangular shape consisting of three nested detectors with 10 km arms, where each detector has a 'xylophone' configuration made of an interferometer tuned toward high frequencies, and an interferometer tuned toward low frequencies and working at cryogenic temperature. Here, we examine the scientific perspectives under possible variations of this reference design. We perform a detailed evaluation of the science case for a single triangular geometry observatory, and we compare it with the results obtained for a network of two L-shaped detectors (either parallel or misaligned) located in Europe, considering different choices of arm-length for both the triangle and the 2L geometries. We also study how the science output changes in the absence of the low-frequency instrument, both for the triangle and the 2L configurations. We examine a broad class of simple 'metrics' that quantify the science output, related to compact binary coalescences, multi-messenger astronomy and stochastic backgrounds, and we then examine the impact of different detector designs on a more specific set of scientific objectives.

• Item Type: Articles
• Additional Information: The work of Michele Maggiore, Stefano Foffa, Francesco Iacovelli, Michele Mancarella and Niccolò Muttoni is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, grant 200020_191957, and by the SwissMap National Center for Competence in Research, and made use of the Yggdrasil cluster at the University of Geneva. M. Branchesi acknowledges financial support from the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR) for the PRIN grant METE under contract no. 2020KB33TP. B. Banerjee acknowledge financial support from MUR (PRIN 2017 grant 20179ZF5KS). M. Branchesi and G. Oganesyan acknowledge financial support from the AHEAD2020 project (grant agreement n. 871158). The Gran Sasso Science Institute group acknowledges Stefano Bagnasco, Federica Legger, Sara Vallero, and the INFN Computing Center of Turin for providing support and computational resources. V. De Luca is supported by funds provided by the Center for Particle Cosmology at the University of Pennsylvania. Elisa Maggio acknowledges funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) — project number: 386119226. G.Franciolini acknowledges financial support provided under the European Union’s H2020 ERC, Starting Grant agreement no. DarkGRA-757480 and under the MIUR PRIN programme, and support from the Amaldi Research Center funded by the MIUR program “Dipartimento di Eccellenza” (CUP: B81I18001170001). This work was partly enabled by the UCL Cosmoparticle Initiative. Katarina Martinovic is supported by King’s College London through a Postgraduate International Scholarship. M. Mapelli, C. Périgois and F. Santoliquido acknowledge financial support from the European Research Council for the ERC Consolidator grant DEMOBLACK, under contract no. 770017. M. Mancarella and C. Pacilio are supported by European Union’s H2020 ERC Starting Grant No. 945155-GWmining and Cariplo Foundation Grant No. 2021-0555. Numerical calculations by C. Pacilio have been made possible through a CINECA-INFN agreement, providing access to resources on MARCONI at CINECA. Anuradha Samajdar thanks the Alexander von Humboldt foundation in Germany for a Humboldt fellowship for postdoctoral researchers. Paolo Pani acknowledges financial support provided under the European Union’s H2020 ERC, Starting Grant agreement no. DarkGRA-757480 and under the MIUR PRIN and FARE programmes (GW-NEXT, CUP: B84I20000100001). BG is supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research within the PRIN 2017 Research Program Framework, n. 2017SYRTCN. Mairi Sakellariadou is supported in part by the Science and Technology Facility Council (STFC), United Kingdom, under the research grant ST/P000258/1. ACJ was supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council through the UKRI Quantum Technologies for Fundamental Physics Programme [grant number ST/T005904/1]. Swetha Bhagwat is supported by the UKRI Stephen Hawking Fellowship with grant ref. no EP/W005727. Angelo Ricciardone acknowledges financial support from the Supporting TAlent in ReSearch@University of Padova (STARS@UNIPD) for the project “Constraining Cosmology and Astrophysics with Gravitational Waves, Cosmic Microwave Background and Large-Scale Structure cross-correlations”. Kamiel Janssens is supported by FWO-Vlaanderen via grant number 11C5720N. F.Gulminelli and C.Mondal acknowledge partial support from the In2p3 Master Project NewMAC. D. Alonso is supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council through an Ernest Rutherford Fellowship, grant reference ST/P004474. Ssohrab Borhanian acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG, project MEMI number BE 6301/2-1. Arnab Dhani, Ish Gupta and B.S. Sathyaprakash were supported by NSF grant numbers PHY-2012083, AST-2006384 and PHY-2207638. G. Cusin is supported by CNRS and by Swiss National Science Fundation (Ambizione grant — Gravitational wave propagation in the clustered universe).
• Keywords: gravitational waves / experiments, gravitational wave detectors, gravitational waves, sources.
• Status: Published
• Refereed: Yes
• Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID: Danilishin, Dr Stefan and Steinlechner, Dr Sebastian and Heng, Professor Ik Siong and Utina, Mr Andrei and Steinlechner, Dr Jessica and Zhang, Mr Teng
• Authors: Branchesi, M., Maggiore, M., Alonso, D., Badger, C., Banerjee, B., Beirnaert, F., Belgacem, E., Bhagwat, S., Boileau, G., Borhanian, S., Brown, D. D., Leong Chan, M., Cusin, G., Danilishin, S. L., Degallaix, J., De Luca, V., Dhani, A., Dietrich, T., Dupletsa, U., Foffa, S., Franciolini, G., Freise, A., Gemme, G., Goncharov, B., Ghosh, A., Gulminelli, F., Gupta, I., Kumar Gupta, P., Harms, J., Hazra, N., Hild, S., Hinderer, T., Heng, I. S., Iacovelli, F., Janquart, J., Janssens, K., Jenkins, A. C., Kalaghatgi, C., Koroveshi, X., Li, T. G.F., Li, Y., Loffredo, E., Maggio, E., Mancarella, M., Mapelli, M., Martinovic, K., Maselli, A., Meyers, P., Miller, A. L., Mondal, C., Muttoni, N., Narola, H., Oertel, M., Oganesyan, G., Pacilio, C., Palomba, C., Pani, P., Pasqualetti, A., Perego, A., Périgois, C., Pieroni, M., Piccinni, O. J., Puecher, A., Puppo, P., Ricciardone, A., Riotto, A., Ronchini, S., Sakellariadou, M., Samajdar, A., Santoliquido, F., Sathyaprakash, B.S., Steinlechner, J., Steinlechner, S., Utina, A., Van Den Broeck, C., and Zhang, T.
• College/School: College of Science and Engineering > School of Physics and Astronomy
• Research Centre: College of Science and Engineering > School of Physics and Astronomy > Institute for Gravitational Research
• Journal Name: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
• Publisher: IOP Publishing
• ISSN: 1475-7516
• ISSN (Online): 1475-7516
• Copyright Holders: Copyright © 2023 The Authors
• First Published: First published in Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2023: 068
• Publisher Policy: Reproduced under a Creative Commons licence