Can you smell the (virtual) roses? The influence of olfactory cues in virtual reality on immersion and positive brand responses

Cowan, K., Ketron, S., Kostyk, A. and Kristofferson, K. (2023) Can you smell the (virtual) roses? The influence of olfactory cues in virtual reality on immersion and positive brand responses. Journal of Retailing, (doi: 10.1016/j.jretai.2023.07.004) (In Press)

Abstract

Virtual reality (VR) has grown in popularity and technological ability, offering wider potential for retailers to immerse consumers in branded experiences. On the industry side, experts argue that integration of olfactory cues is the next big development for VR as such cues have the potential to improve immersion – the feeling of being ‘plugged into’ the experience – and possibly elicit positive brand responses. Despite its promise, integration of olfactory cues also has its challenges, such as financial costs and conflicting evidence of their effects in traditional retail contexts. Unfortunately, research has yet to explore the integration of olfactory cues in VR and offer insight to retailers and scholars. To address this deficit, this research builds upon the concept of immersion and integrates flow theory to explore the interplay and additive nature of olfactory stimuli and VR. We employ four studies using a variety of both ambient (i.e., actual scents) and imagined (i.e., prompted through description) olfactory cues in field (i.e., Facebook A/B testing), online, and laboratory settings. Our findings show through both measured mediation and moderation that in retail-centric VR environments, the presence (vs. absence) of olfactory cues heightens immersion. In turn, immersion elicits flow, which improves brand responses. Our research contributes to the sensory marketing and VR literatures and offers recommendations to retailers seeking to build or expand their VR strategies.

• Item Type: Articles
• Additional Information: This research was supported by funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Grant 435-2019-0184).
• Status: In Press
• Refereed: Yes
• Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID: Kostyk, Dr Alena
• Authors: Cowan, K., Ketron, S., Kostyk, A., and Kristofferson, K.
• College/School: College of Social Sciences > Adam Smith Business School > Management
• Journal Name: Journal of Retailing
• Publisher: Elsevier
• ISSN: 0022-4359
• ISSN (Online): 1873-3271
• Copyright Holders: Copyright © 2023 The Author(s)
• First Published: First published in Journal of Retailing 2023
• Publisher Policy: Reproduced under a Creative Commons licence