Deprivation and chronic kidney disease—a review of the evidence

Grant, C. H. , Salim, E., Lees, J. S. and Stevens, K. I. (2023) Deprivation and chronic kidney disease—a review of the evidence. Clinical Kidney Journal, 16(7), pp. 1081-1091. (doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfad028) (PMID:37398697) (PMCID:PMC10310512)

Abstract

The relationship between socioeconomic deprivation and health is inequitable. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an archetypal disease of inequality, being more common amongst those living in deprivation. The prevalence of CKD is rising driven by an increase in lifestyle-related conditions. This narrative review describes deprivation and its association with adverse outcomes in adults with non-dialysis-dependent CKD including disease progression, end-stage kidney disease, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. We explore the social determinants of health and individual lifestyle factors to address whether patients with CKD who are socioeconomically deprived have poorer outcomes than those of higher socioeconomic status. We describe whether observed differences in outcomes are associated with income, employment, educational attainment, health literacy, access to healthcare, housing, air pollution, cigarette smoking, alcohol use or aerobic exercise. The impact of socioeconomic deprivation in adults with non-dialysis-dependent CKD is complex, multi-faceted and frequently under-explored within the literature. There is evidence that patients with CKD who are socioeconomically deprived have faster disease progression, higher risk of cardiovascular disease and premature mortality. This appears to be the result of both socioeconomic and individual lifestyle factors. However, there is a paucity of studies and methodological limitations. Extrapolation of findings to different societies and healthcare systems is challenging, however, the disproportionate effect of deprivation in patients with CKD necessitates a call to action. Further empirical study is warranted to establish the true cost of deprivation in CKD to patients and societies.

• Item Type: Articles
• Status: Published
• Refereed: Yes
• Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID: Stevens, Dr Kathryn and Grant, Dr Christopher and Lees, Jennifer
• Authors: Grant, C. H., Salim, E., Lees, J. S., and Stevens, K. I.
• College/School: College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences > School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health; College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences > School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing
• Journal Name: Clinical Kidney Journal
• Publisher: Oxford University Press
• ISSN: 2048-8505
• ISSN (Online): 2048-8513
• Published Online: 28 February 2023
• Copyright Holders: Copyright © 2023 The Authors
• First Published: First published in Clinical Kidney Journal 16(7): 1081-1091
• Publisher Policy: Reproduced under a Creative Commons License