Extracting spatial effects from machine learning model using local interpretation method: an example of SHAP and XGBoost

Li, Z. (2022) Extracting spatial effects from machine learning model using local interpretation method: an example of SHAP and XGBoost. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 96, 101845. (doi: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2022.101845)

Abstract

Machine learning and artificial intelligence (ML/AI), previously considered black box approaches, are becoming more interpretable, as a result of the recent advances in eXplainable AI (XAI). In particular, local interpretation methods such as SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) offer the opportunity to flexibly model, interpret and visualise complex geographical phenomena and processes. In this paper, we use SHAP to interpret XGBoost (eXtreme Gradient Boosting) as an example to demonstrate how to extract spatial effects from machine learning models. We conduct simulation experiments that compare SHAP-explained XGBoost to Spatial Lag Model (SLM) and Multi-scale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) at the parameter level. Results show that XGBoost estimates similar spatial effects as those in SLM and MGWR models. An empirical example of Chicago ride-hailing modelling is presented to demonstrate the utility of SHAP with real datasets. Examples and evidence in this paper suggest that locally interpreted machine learning models are good alternatives to spatial statistical models and perform better when complex spatial and non-spatial effects (e.g. non-linearities, interactions) co-exist and are unknown.

• Item Type: Articles
• Status: Published
• Refereed: Yes
• Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID: Li, Dr Ziqi
• Authors: Li, Z.
• College/School: College of Science and Engineering > School of Geographical and Earth Sciences
• Journal Name: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems
• Publisher: Elsevier
• ISSN: 0198-9715
• ISSN (Online): 1873-7587
• Published Online: 18 June 2022
• Copyright Holders: Copyright © 2022 The Author
• First Published: First published in Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 96:101845
• Publisher Policy: Reproduced under a Creative Commons licence