Ayoub, N., Badr, N., Al-Ghamdi, S. S., Alsanosi, S., Alzahrani, A. R., Abdel-Naim, A. B., Nematallah, K. A. and Swilam, N. (2022) HPLC/MS n profiling and healing activity of a muco-adhesive formula of Salvadora persica against acetic acid-induced oral ulcer in rats. Nutrients, 14(1), 28. (doi: 10.3390/nu14010028) (PMID:35010903) (PMCID:PMC8746813)
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Abstract
Salvadora persica L. (S. persica, Siwak) is an ethnic plant that is widely used for improving oral hygiene. This study aimed to provide a phytochemical profiling of S. persica ethyl acetate fraction (SPEAF) and to evaluate the healing activity of a muco-adhesive formula of the fraction against acetic acid-induced oral ulcers in rats. HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS-MS analysis of SPEAF resulted in the tentative identification of 56 metabolites containing fatty acids (23%), urea derivatives (10.5%) and sulphur compounds (10%), in addition to several amides, polyphenols and organic acids (6.5%, 5% and 2%, respectively). For the first time, 19 compounds were identified from S. persica. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that the extract is non-toxic. SPEAF exhibited superior healing activities compared to both the negative and positive control groups on days 7 and 14 of tongue ulcer induction. This was confirmed by histopathological examinations of haematoxylin and eosin-stained (H) and Masson’s trichrome-stained tongue sections. Moreover, SPEAF showed potent anti-inflammatory activities, as evidenced by the inhibited expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis alpha (TNF-α). Moreover, SPEAF exhibited potent antioxidant activity, as it prevented malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion and superoxide dismutase (SOD) exhaustion. SPEAF significantly enhanced hydroxyproline tongue content and upregulated collagen type I alpha 1 (Col1A1) mRNA expression. SPEAF also improved angiogenesis, as shown by the increased mRNA expression of the angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1). In conclusion, S. persica has a wide range of secondary metabolites and ameliorates acetic acid-induced tongue ulcers in rats. This can be attributed, at least partly, to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, procollagen and angiogenic activities. These findings provide support and validity for the use of S. persica as a traditional and conventional treatment for oral disorders.
Item Type: | Articles |
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Additional Information: | This research is fully funded by DSR at UQU, KSA (Grant Code: 19-MED-1-03-0010). |
Keywords: | Salvadora persica L., HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS-MS analysis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, angiogenesis, oral ulcer, wound healing. |
Status: | Published |
Refereed: | Yes |
Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID: | Alsanosi, Dr Safaa |
Creator Roles: | |
Authors: | Ayoub, N., Badr, N., Al-Ghamdi, S. S., Alsanosi, S., Alzahrani, A. R., Abdel-Naim, A. B., Nematallah, K. A., and Swilam, N. |
College/School: | College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences > School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health |
Journal Name: | Nutrients |
Publisher: | MDPI |
ISSN: | 2072-6643 |
ISSN (Online): | 2072-6643 |
Published Online: | 22 December 2021 |
Copyright Holders: | Copyright © 2021 The Authors |
First Published: | First published in Nutrients 14(1): 28 |
Publisher Policy: | Reproduced under a Creative Commons License |
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