Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial

Abani, O. et al. (2021) Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet, 397(10289), pp. 2049-2059. (doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00897-7) (PMID:34000257) (PMCID:PMC8121538)

Abstract

Background: Many patients with COVID-19 have been treated with plasma containing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Methods: This randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]) is assessing several possible treatments in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in the UK. The trial is underway at 177 NHS hospitals from across the UK. Eligible and consenting patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either usual care alone (usual care group) or usual care plus high-titre convalescent plasma (convalescent plasma group). The primary outcome was 28-day mortality, analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 50189673, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04381936. Findings: Between May 28, 2020, and Jan 15, 2021, 11558 (71%) of 16287 patients enrolled in RECOVERY were eligible to receive convalescent plasma and were assigned to either the convalescent plasma group or the usual care group. There was no significant difference in 28-day mortality between the two groups: 1399 (24%) of 5795 patients in the convalescent plasma group and 1408 (24%) of 5763 patients in the usual care group died within 28 days (rate ratio 1·00, 95% CI 0·93–1·07; p=0·95). The 28-day mortality rate ratio was similar in all prespecified subgroups of patients, including in those patients without detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at randomisation. Allocation to convalescent plasma had no significant effect on the proportion of patients discharged from hospital within 28 days (3832 [66%] patients in the convalescent plasma group vs 3822 [66%] patients in the usual care group; rate ratio 0·99, 95% CI 0·94–1·03; p=0·57). Among those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at randomisation, there was no significant difference in the proportion of patients meeting the composite endpoint of progression to invasive mechanical ventilation or death (1568 [29%] of 5493 patients in the convalescent plasma group vs 1568 [29%] of 5448 patients in the usual care group; rate ratio 0·99, 95% CI 0·93–1·05; p=0·79). Interpretation: In patients hospitalised with COVID-19, high-titre convalescent plasma did not improve survival or other prespecified clinical outcomes. Funding: UK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council) and National Institute of Health Research.

• Item Type: Articles
• Status: Published
• Refereed: Yes
• Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID: Dey, Dr Vishal and Bayes, Dr Hannah
• Authors: Abani, O., Abbas, A., Abbas, F., Abbas, M., Abbasi, S., Abbass, H., Abbott, A., Abdallah, N., Abdelaziz, A., Abdelfattah, M., Abdelqader, B., Abdo, D., Abdul, B., Abdul Rasheed, A., Abdulakeem, A., Abdul-Kadir, R., Abdulle, A., Abdulmumeen, A., Abdul-Raheem, R., Abdulshukkoor, N., Abdusamad, K., Abed El Khaleq, Y., Abedalla, M., Abeer Ul Amna, A.U.A., Abernethy, K., Aboaba, A., Abo-Leyah, H., Abou-Haggar, A., Abouibrahim, M., Abraham, M., Abraham, T., Abraheem, A., Abrams, J., Abu, H.-J., Abu-Arafeh, A., Abubacker, S.M., Abung, A., Aceampong, Y., Achara, A., Acharya, D., Acheampong, S., Acheson, J., Acosta, A., Acton, C., Adabie-Ankrah, J., Adair, S., Adam, F., Adam, M., Adamali, H., Adams, C., Adams, C., Adams, K., Adams, L., Adams, R., Adams, T., Adcock, K., Addai, J., Adebiyi, A., Adegoke, K., Adell, V., Ademokun, D., Adenwalla, S., Adesemoye, O.A., Adewunmi, E.O., Adeyemi, J., Adhikary, R., Adkins, G., Adnan, A., Aeron-Thomas, J., Affleck, D., Affron, D., Afnan, C., Afridi, M., Aftab, Z.A., Agarwal, M., Agbeko, R., Agbo, C., Agent, P., Aggarwal, S., Aghababaie, A., Ahamed Sadiq, S., Ahammed Nazeer, M.H., Ahmad, H., Ahmad, M., Ahmad, S., Ahmed, A., Ahmed, B., Ahmed, F., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, I., Ahmed, I., Ahmed, K., Ahmed, L., Ahmed, M., Ahmed, M.C., Ahmed, M.S., Ahmed, N., Ahmed, N., Ahmed, O., Ahmed, R.A., Ahmed, R., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, S.H., Ahmed Ali, R., Ahmed, S., Ahmer, S., Ail, D., Ainsworth, M., Airoldi, G., Aissa, M., Aitken, L., Ajay, B., Ajeneye, F., Ajibode, A., Ajmi, A., Akbar, T., Akhtar, N., Akhtar, N., Akhtar, N., Akili, S., Akindolie, O., Akinfenwa, Y., Akinkugbe, O., Akinpelu, I., Akinwumiju, O., Aktinade, O., Al Aaraj, A., Al Balushi, A., Al Dakhola, M., Al Swaifi, A., Al-Abadi, E., Aladangady, N., Alam, A., Alam, S., Al-Asadi, A., Al-Asadi, K., Alatzoglou, K., Al-Bayati, M., Albert, P., Albon, L., Alcorn, G., Alcorn, S., Aldana, A., Alderdice, D., Aldouri, R., Aldridge, J., Aldridge, N., Alegria, A., Alexander, A., Alexander, J., Alexander, P.D.G., Alford, C., Al-Fori, J., Alghazawi, L., Al-Hakim, B., Al-Hity, S., Ali, A., Ali, A., Ali, F.R., Ali, H., Ali, J., Ali, M., Ali, M., Ali, N., Ali, O., Ali, S., Ali, S., Ali, S., Alina, A., Aliyuda, F., Alizadeh, K., Al-Jibury, M., Al-Juboori, S., Al-Khalil, M., Alkhusheh, M., Allameddine, A., Allan, F., Allan, R., Allanson, A., Allcock, R., Allen, B., Allen, E., Allen, J., Allen, K., Allen, L., Allen, L., Allen, P., Allen, R., Allen, S., Allen, S., Allen, S., Allison, K., Allman, B., Allsop, L., Al-Moasseb, H., Al-Obaidi, M., Alomari, L., Al-Rabahi, A., Al-Ramadhani, B., Al-Saadi, Z., Alshaer, I., Al-Shahi Salman, R., Al-Shamkhani, W., Al-Sheklly, B., Altaf, S., Alvarez, M., Alyas, B., Alzetani, M., Amamou, S., Amar, N., Ambalavanan, S., Ambler, S.-J., Ambrogetti, R., Ambrose, C., Ameen, A., Amenyah, K., Amezaga, M.R., Amin, A., Amin, A., Amin, K., Amin, S., Amin, T., Amjad, A., Amjad, N., Ammoun, M., Amosun, V., Amsha, K., Amy, P., Anand, A., Anand, R., Anandappa, S., Anderson, J., Anderson, K., Anderson, L., Anderson, M., Anderson, N., Anderson, R., Anderson, R., Anderson, W., Andreou, P., Andrews, A., Andrews, A., Andrews, J., Andrews, S., Andrikopoulos, G., Aneke, K., Ang, A., Ang, W.W., Angel, T., Angela, A., Angelini, P., Anguvaa, L., Anichtchik, O., Anim-Somuah, M., Aniruddhan, K., Annett, J., Anstey, P.J., Anstey, R., Anthony, A., Anthony-Pillai, A., Antill, P., Antonina, Z., Anu, V., Anwar, M., Apostolides, G., Apostolopoulos, A., Appleby, S., Appleyard, D., Aquino, M.F., Araba, B., Aransiola, S., Araujo, M., Arbon, E., Archer, A., Archer, D., Archer, S., Ardley, C., Arias, A.-M., Arimoto, R., Arkley, C., Armah, C., Armata, I., Armitage, A., Armstrong, C., Armstrong, M., Armstrong, S., Armstrong-Fisher, S., Armtrong, P., Arndt, H., Arnison-Newgass, C., Arnold, D., Arnold, R., Arnott, S., Arora, D., Arora, K., Arora, P., Arora, R., Arroyo, A., Arter, A., Arya, A., Arya, R., Asandei, D., Asghar, A., Ashbrook-Raby, C., Ashby, G., Ashby, H., Ashcroft, J., Ashcroft, J., Ashcroft, S., Asher, D., Ashfaq, A., Ashford, B., Ashgar, S., Ashish, A., Ashman-Flavell, S., Ashok, S., Ashour, A.-E.-A., Ashraf, M.Z., Ashraf, S., Ashraq, M.B., Ashton, D., Ashton, S., Ashworth, A., Ashworth, R., Aslam, A., Asogan, H., Asquith, A., Asrar, A., Assaf, O., Astin-Chamberlain, R., Athay-Hunt, R., Athorne, D., Atkins, B., Atkins, C., Atkins, S., Atkinson, J., Atkinson, V., Atraskiewicz, B., Atterbury, C., Attia, A.A., Atugonza, R., Aubrey, P., Aujayeb, A., Aung, A.C.T., Aung, H., Aung, K.T., Aung, N., Aung, Y., Aung, Z.M., Austin, E., Austin, K., Auwal, A., Avery, M., Avis, J., Aviss, G., Avram, C., Avram, P., Awadzi, G., Awan, A., Aya, A., Ayaz, E., Ayers, A., Azam, J., Azharuddin, M., Aziz, G., Aziz, N., Azkoul, A., Azman Shah, A., Azzopardi, G., Azzoug, H., Babatunde, F., Babi, M., Babiker, B., Babington, G., Babirecki, M., Babores, M., Babs-Osibodu, A.O., Bacciarelli, S., Bachar, R., Bacon, G., Bacon, J., Badal, B., Badhan, G.R., Badhrinarayanan, S., Bae, J.P., Bafekr Mishamandani, S., Baggaley, A., Baggott, A., Bagley, G., Bagmane, D., Bagshaw, L., Bahadori, K., Bailey, J., Bailey, K., Bailey, L., Bailey, L., Bailey, M., Bailey, P., Bailey, S., Bailey, S., Baillie, H., Baillie, J.K., Bain, J., Baines, S., Bains, V., Baird, A., Baird, D., Baird, S., Baird, T., Baird, Y., Bajandouh, A., Baker, C., Baker, E., Baker, E., Baker, J., Baker, J., Baker, K., Baker, R., Baker, T.-A., Baker, V., Bakere, H., Bakerly, N., Baker-Moffatt, M., Bakhtiar, N., Bakoulas, P., Balaam, J., Balachandran, N., Balan, A., Balaskas, T., Balasubramaniam, M., Balcombe, A., Baldwin, A., Baldwin, A., Baldwin, C., Baldwin, D., Baldwin-Jones, R., Balfour, J., Bali, G., Balkee, S., Ball, C., Ballard, K., Ballinger, A., Balluz, I., Balmforth, C., Balogh, E., Baluwala, A., Bambridge, G., Bamford, A., Bamford, A., Bamford, P., Bamgboye, A., Bancroft, E., Bancroft, H., Bancroft, T., Banda, J., Bandaru, K., Bandi, S., Bandla, N., Bandyopadhyam, S., Banerjee, A., Banerjee, M., Banerjee, R., Banks, H., Banks, L., Banks, L., Banks, P., Bannister, O., Bansal, B., Banthorpe, R., Banton, L., Baptist, M., Baqai, T., Baral, A.M., Baramova, D., Barber, A., Barber, R., Barbon, E., Barbosa, M., Barbosa, M., Barbour, J., Barclay, A., Barclay, C., Bardsley, G., Bareford, S., Bari, S., Barker, A., Barker, D., Barker, H., Barker, J., Barker, L., Barker, O., Barker-Williams, K., Barkha, S., Barla, J., Barlow, G., Barlow, R., Barlow, V., Barnacle, J., Barnard, A., Barnes, D., Barnes, N., Barnes, T., Barnetson, C., Barnett, A., Barnett, M., Barnett-Vanes, A., Barnsley, W., Barr, A., Barr, D., Barratt, S., Barrera, M., Barrett, A., Barrett, F., Barrett, J., Barry, J., Bartholomew, J., Bartlett, C., Bartlett, G., Barton, G., Barton, J., Barton, L., Barton, R., Baruah, R., Baryschpolec, S., Bashyal, A., Basker, B., Basoglu, A., Bass, G., Bassett, J., Bassett, G., Bassford, C., Bassi, P., Bassis, B., Bassoy, B., Bastion, V., Basumatary, A., Bate, T., Bateman, H.J., Bateman, I., Bateman, K., Bateman, V., Bates, E., Bates, H., Bates, M., Bates, S., Batham, S., Batista, A., Batla, A., Batra, D., Batty, D., Batty, H., Batty, T., Baughan, P., Baum, M., Bautista, C., Bawa, F., Bawani, F.S., Bax, S., Baxter, L., Baxter, M., Baxter, N., Baxter, Z., Bayes, H., Baylem, C., Bayliss, L., Bays, E., Bazari, F., Bazaz, R., Bazli, A., Beacham, L., Beadles, W., Beak, P., Beale, A., Beard, K., Bearpark, J., Beaumont, K., Beaumont-Jewell, D., Beaver, T., Beavis, S., Beazley, C., Beck, S., Beckett, V., Beckitt, R., Beddall, H., Beddows, S., Beeby, D., Beech, G., Beecroft, M., Beer, S., Beety, J., Bega, G., Begg, A., Begg, S., Beghini, S., Begum, A., Begum, S., Begum, S., Behan, T., Beharry, J., Behrouzi, R., Beishon, J., Beith, C., Belcher, J., Belfield, H., Belfield, K., Belgaumkar, A., Bell, D., Bell, G., Bell, G., Bell, G., Bell, J., Bell, L., Bell, L., Bell, N., Bell, P., Bell, S., Bell, J.L., Bellamu, J., Bellamy, M., Bellini, A., Bellis, A., Bellis, F., Bendall, L., Benesh, N., Benetti, N., Benham, L., Benison-Horner, G., Bennett, A., Bennett, A., Bennett, C., Bennett, C., Bennett, G., Bennett, I., Bennett, K., Bennett, L., Bennett, S., Bennion, K., Benson, V., Benstead, J., Bentley, A., Bentley, D., Bentley, J., Benton, I., Beranova, E., Beresford, M., Bergin, C., Bergstrom, M., Bernatoniene, J., Berriman, T., Berry, Z., Berwick, M., Best, K., Bester, A.-M., Beuvink, Y., Bevan, E., Bevins, S., Bewick, T., Bexley, A., Beyatli, S., Beynon, F., Bhadi, A., Bhagani, S., Bhakta, S., Bhalla, R., Bhandal, K., Bhandal, K., Bhandari, A., Bhandari, S., Bhanot, A., Bhanot, R., Bhaskara, S., Bhat, P., Bhatia, N., Bhatnagar, R., Bhatt, K., Bhayani, J., Bhojwani, D., Bhuiyan, S., Bibby, A., Bibi, F., Bibi, N., Bibi, S., Bicanic, T., Bidgood, S., Bigg, J., Biggs, S., Biju, A., Bikov, A., Billingham, S., Billings, J., Bilton, C., Binas, T., Binney, M., Binns, A., BinRofaie, M., Bintcliffe, O., Birch, C., Birch, J., Birch, L., Birchall, J., Birchall, K., Bird, S., Bird, S., Biring, C., Birt, M., Bisa, R., Bishop, K., Bishop, L., Bishop, L., Bisnauthsing, K., Biswas, N., Biuk, S., Blachford, K., Black, E., Black, H., Black, K., Black, M., Black, P., Blackgrove, H., Blackledge, B., Blackler, J., Blackley, S., Blackman, H., Blackmore, S., Blackstock, C., Blackwood, L., Blakemore, F., Blamey, H., Bland, A., Blane, S., Blankley, S., Blanton, M., Blaxill, P., Blaxland, J., Blaylock, K., Blazeby, J., Blears, C., Blencowe, N., Blofield, D., Bloom, B., Bloomfield, J., Bloss, A., Bloxham, H., Blundell, L., Blunsum, A., Blunt, M., Blyth, I., Blyth, K., Blythe, A., Blythe, K., Boampoaa, M., Bobie, B., Bobruk, K., Bodalia, P., Bodasing, N., Bodenham, T., Bodh, S., Boehmer, G., Boffito, M., Bohmova, K., Bokhandi, S., Bokhar, M., Bokhari, S., Bokhari, S., Bokhari, S.O., Boles, A., Bollington, S., Bolton, S., Bomken, C., Bond, C., Bond, H., Bond, H., Bond, S., Bond, T., Bone, A., Boniface, G., Bonnert, W., Bonney, L., Boorman, L., Booth, C., Borbone, J., Borhani, C., Borman, N., Borrell, R., Boshir, M., Bottrill, F., Bough, L., Boughton, H., Boult, Z., Bourke, M., Bourke, S., Bourne, M., Bousfield, R., Boustred, L., Bowen, D., Bowen, K., Bowes, A., Bowes, A., Bowker, P., Bowman, L., Bowman, S., Bowmer, R., Bowring, A., Bowyer, G., Bowyer, H., Boyd, C., Boyd, J., Boyd, L., Boyd, M., Boyle, N., Boyle, P., Boyle, R., Boyles, L., Bozdag, O., Brace, L., Brack, D., Brackstone, C., Bradburn, R., Bradder, J., Bradley, B., Bradley, C.J., Bradley, P., Bradley, P., Bradley, P., Bradley-Potts, J., Bradshaw, L., Bradshaw, S., Bradshaw, Z., Brady, R., Brady, S., Braganza, D., Brailsford, S., Braithwaite, J., Branch, M., Brankin-Frisby, T., Brannigan, J., Brassington, L., Brattan, S., Bray, F., Bray, N., Brazier, A., Brazil, M., Brear, L., Brear, T., Brearey, S., Bremner, L., Brend, M., Bretland, G., Brewer, C., Bridge, H., Bridgwood, G., Briggs, H., Briggs, M., Brigham, S., Bright, J., Brightling, C., Brimfield, L., Brinkworth, E., Brittain-Long, R., Britten, V., Brittin, T., Broad, L., Broad, S., Broadhurst, R., Broadley, A., Broadway, M., Brockelsby, C., Brocken, M., Brockley, T., Broderick, A., Brodsky, M., Brogan, F., Broggio, D., Brohan, L., Brokke, F., Brolly, J., Bromley, D., Brooke-Ball, H., Brooker, V., Brookes, C., Brookes, M., Brooks, A., Brooks, K., Brooks, N., Brooks, P., Brooks, R., Brooks, S., Broomhead, N., Broughton, C., Broughton, N., Brouns, M., Browett, M., Brown, A., Brown, A., Brown, C., Brown, C., Brown, C., Brown, E., Brown, E., Brown, H., Brown, J., Brown, L., Brown, N., Brown, P., Brown, R., Brown, R., Brown, R., Brown, S., Brown, T., Brown, W., Browne, B., Browne, C., Browne, D., Browne, M., Brownlee, S., Brraka, A., Bruce, D., Bruce, J., Bruce, M., Brudlo, W., Brunskill, N., Brunton, A., Brunton, M., Bryan, M., Bryant, M., Buazon, A., Buch, M., Buchan, J., Buchan, R., Buchanan, A., Buchanan, R., Buche, D., Buck, A., Buckland, M., Buckley, L., Buckley, P., Buckley, S., Buckman, C., Buckmire, K., Bugg, G., Bujazia, R., Bukhari, M., Bukhari, S., Bulbulia, R., Bull, A., Bull, D., Bull, R., Bull, T., Bulteel, N., Bumunarachchi, K., Bungue-Tuble, R., Burchett, C., Burda, D., Burden, C., Burden, T.G., Burgess, M., Burgess, P., Burgess, R., Burgess, S., Burgett, P., Burman, A., Burnard, S., Burnett, C., Burnett, J., Burns, A., Burns, A., Burns, C., Burns, J., Burns, K., Burns, S., Burns, S., Burrage, D., Burrage, S., Burrows, K., Burston, C., Burton, B., Burton, F., Burton, M., Busby, A., Butcher, D., Butler, A., Butler, J., Butler, J., Butler, J., Butler, L., Butler, P., Butler, S., Butt, A.-T., Butt, M.M., Butt, S., Butterworth, C., Butterworth-Cowin, N., Buttery, R., Buttle, T., Button, H., Buttress, D., Byrne, J., Byrne, W., Byrne-Watts, V., Byworth, E., Cabandugama, A., Cade, R., Cadwgan, A., Cairney, D., Calderwood, J., Caldow, D., Caldwell, M., Calisti, G., Callaghan, D., Callaghan, J., Callens, C., Callum, D., Calver, C., Cambell-Kelly, M., Camburn, T., Cameron, D.R., Cameron, E., Cameron, F., Cameron, S., Cameron, S., Camm, C., Cammack, R.F.D., Campbell, A., Campbell, A., Campbell, B., Campbell, B., Campbell, D., Campbell, H., Campbell, H., Campbell, J., Campbell, M., Campbell, R., Campbell, W., Campbell Hewson, Q., Camsooksai, J., Canabarro, A., Canclini, L., Candido, S.M., Candlish, J., Caneja, C., Cann, J., Cannan, R., Cannon, E., Cannon, M., Cannon, P., Cannons, V., Cantliff, J., Caplin, B., Capocci, S., Caponi, N., Capp, A., Capps-Jenner, A., Capstick, T., Carboo, I., Cardenas, N., Cardwell, M., Carey, R., Carley, S., Carlin, T., Carlton, A., Carmichael, S., Carnahan, M., Carnegie, R., Caroline, C., Carpenter, E., Carpenter, J., Carr, D., Carr, S., Carrasco, A., Carrington, S., Carrington, Z., Carroll, P., Carron, C., Carstairs, A., Carter, J., Carter, M., Carter, M., Carter, P., Carter, P., Carter, S., Carter-Graham, S., Cartwright, D., Cartwright, J.-A., Carty, C., Carty, S., Carungcong, J., Carveth-Marshall, C., Casey, S., Cassells, A., Cassimon, B., Castiello, T., Castle, G., Castles, B., Caswell, M., Catana, A.M., Cate, H., Cathcart, S., Cathie, K., Catley, C., Catlow, L., Caudwell, M., Caulfield, J., Cavazza, A., Cave, L., Cavinato, S., Cawa, F., Cawley, K., Caws, C., Cendl, H., Century, H., Cernova, J., Cesay, M., Cetti, E., Chabane, S., Chablani, M., Chabo, C., Chadwick, D., Chadwick, J., Chadwick, R., Chakkarapani, E., Chakraborty, A., Chakraborty, M., Chakravorty, M., Chalmers, J., Chalmers, R., Chamberlain, G., Chamberlain, S., Chambers, E., Chambers, J., Chambers, L., Chambers, N., Chan, A., Chan, C., Chan, C., Chan, E., Chan, K., Chan, K., Chan, P., Chan, R.P.-C., Chan, X.H., Chandler, C., Chandler, H., Chandler, K.J., Chandler, S., Chandler, Z., Chandler-Vizard, V., Chandra, S., Chandran, N., Chandrasekaran, B., Chang, C., Chang, Y., Chaplin, J., Chapman, G., Chapman, J., Chapman, K., Chapman, L., Chapman, L., Chapman, P., Chapman, T., Chappell, L., Chapple, L., Charalambou, A., Charles, B., Charlton, D., Charlton, S., Chatar, K., Chatha, C., Chaube, R., Chaudhary, M.Y., Chaudhry, I., Chaudhuri, N., Chaudhury, M., Chauhan, A., Chauhan, R.S., Chauhan, V., Chavasse, N., Chaven, I., Chavez, R., Chawla, V., Cheadle, M., Cheater, L., Cheaveau, J., Cheeld, C., Cheeseman, M., Chen, F., Chen, H.M., Chen, T., Cheng, L.Y., Cheng, Z., Chenoweth, H., Cheong, C.H., Cherian, S., Cherif, S., Cherrie, M., Cheshire, H., Chesterson, B., Cheung, B., Cheung, C.K., Cheung, E., Cheung, M., Cheyne, C., Chhabra, S., Chia, W.L., Chiang, E., Chiapparino, A., Chicano, R., Chikwanha, Z.A., Chilcott, S., Chimbo, P., Chin, K., Chin, W.J., Chineka, R., Chingale, A., Chinn, K., Chiroma, V., Chisem, H., Chisenga, C., Chisnall, B., Chiswick, C., Chita, S., Chitalia, N., Chiu, M., Chivima, B., Chmiel, C., Choi, S., Choon Kon Yune, W., Choudhary, V., Choudhury, S., Chow, B.-L., Chowdhury, F., Chowdhury, M., Chowdhury, S., Christenssen, V., Christian, P., Christides, A., Christie, F., Christmas, D., Christopherson, T., Christy, M., Chrysostomou, P., Chua, Y., Chucha, S., Chudgar, D., Chudleigh, R., Chukkambotla, S., Chukwu, M.E., Chukwulobelu, I., Chung, C.Y., Church, B., Church, E., Church, S.R., Churchill, D., Cianci, N., Ciccone, N., Cicconi, P., Cinardo, P., Cipinova, Z., Cipriano, B., Clamp, S., Clapham, M., Clare, E., Clare, S., Clark, A., Clark, C., Clark, D., Clark, F., Clark, G., Clark, J., Clark, K., Clark, K., Clark, L., Clark, L., Clark, M., Clark, P., Clark, R., Clark, T., Clark, W., Clark, Z., Clarke, A., Clarke, H., Clarke, M., Clarke, P., Clarke, R., Clarke, R., Clarke, S., Clarke, S., Clarke, S., Clarke, T., Clarkson, A., Claxton, A., Clay, K., Clayton, E., Clayton, O., Clayton-Smith, J., Cleaver, C., Clemente de la Torre, C., Clements, J., Clements, S., Clemons, F., Clifford, L., Clifford, L., Clifford, R., Clifford, S., Clive, A., Clouston, J., Clueit, S., Clyne, A., Coakley, M., Coakley, P.G.L., Coates, T., Cobain, K., Cochrane, A., Cochrane, P., Cockerell, M., Cockerill, H., Cocks, S., Codling, R., Coe, A., Coetzee, S., Coey, D., Cohen, D., Cohen, J., Cohen, O., Cohn, M., Coke, L., Coker, O., Colbeck, N., Colbert, R., Cole, C., Cole, E., Cole, J., Cole, J., Cole, J., Cole, R., Cole, S., Coleman, G., Coleman, M., Coles, H., Coles, R., Colin, M., Colino-Acevedo, A., Colley, J., Collier, D., Collier, H., Collini, P., Collins, E., Collins, J., Collins, J., Collins, N., Collins, S., Collins, V., Collinson, A., Collinson, B., Collinson, J., Collis, M., Colmar, M., Colton, H.E., Colton, J., Colville, K., Colvin, C., Colwell, R., Combes, E., Comer, D., Comerford, A., Comery, M., Concannon, D., Condliffe, R., Connell, L., Connell, N., Connelly, K., Connolly, G., Connolly, M., Connor, E., Conran, S., Conroy, A., Conteh, V., Convery, R., Conway, C., Conway, F., Conway, G., Conway, R., Conyngham, J.-A., Cook, C., Cook, E., Cook, G., Cook, H., Cook, J., Cooke, D., Cooke, G., Cooke, K., Cooke, S., Cooke, T., Cooper, A., Cooper, A., Cooper, C., Cooper, D., Cooper, H., Cooper, J., Cooper, J., Cooper, J., Cooper, L., Cooper, L., Cooper, N., Cooper, R., Cooperwaite, E., Cope, T., Corbet, S., Corbett, C., Corcoran, J., Cordell, C., Cordle, J., Corfield, A., Corless, J., Corlett, A., Cornwell, J., Cornwell, M., Corogeanu, D., Corredera, M., Corrigan, R., Corry, C., Corser, R., Cosgrove, D., Cosier, T., Costa, P., Coston, C., Cotgrove, S., Coton, Z., Cottam, L.-J., Cotter, R., Cotterill, D., Cotton, A., Cotton, C., Cotton, K., Coull, A., Coulson, J., Counsell, D., Counter, D., Coupland, C., Courtney, E., Courtney, J., Cousins, R., Cowan, A., Cowan, E., Cowburn, R., Cowell, R., Cowen, L., Cowman, S., Cowton, A., Cox, D.A., Cox, E., Cox, G., Cox, K., Cox, M., Coy, K., Craig, B., Craig, V., Craighead, F., Cramp, M., Crane, B., Crause, J., Crawford, A., Crawford, A., Crawford, E., Crawford, I., Crawforth, R., Crawshaw, S., Creagh-Brown, B., Creamer, A., Creighton, R., Cremona, J., Cremona, S., Cresswell, J., Cribb, M., Crichton, C., Crilly, D., Crisp, L., Crisp, N., Crocombe, D., Croft, M., Cron, I., Crook, D., Crooks, J., Croot, H., Crosby, H., Cross, S., Cross, T., Crothers, A., Crotty, S., Crouch, S., Crow, M., Crowder, A., Crowley, K., Crowley, T., Croysdill, R., Cruickshank, C., Cruickshank, C., Cruickshank, I., Cruise, J., Crumley, H., Cruz, C., Cruz Cervera, T., Cryans, D., Cui, G., Cui, H., Cullen, D., Cullen, L., Cummings-Fosong, G., Cundall, M., Cunliffe, V., Cunningham, L., Cunningham, N., Cunningham, N., Cupitt, J., Curgenven, H., Curley, D., Curnow, G., Curran, D., Curran, S., Currie, C., Currie, J., Currie, S., Curtis, A., Curtis, B., Curtis, J., Curtis, K., Curtis, O., Curtis, T., Cuthbertson, R., Cutler, S., Czekaj, M., Czylok, P., da Rocha, J., Dagens, A., Daggett, H., Daggett, P., Daglish, J., Dahiya, S., Dakers-Black, H., Dale, A., Dale, K., Dale, M., Dale, S., Dales, J., Dalgleish, H., Dallas, N., Dallow, H., Dalton, D., Daly, Z., Danga, A., Daniel, A., Daniel, P., Daniels, A., Dann, A., Danso-Bamfo, S., Daoud, N., Darbyshire, A., Darbyshire, J., Dargan, P., Dark, P., Darling, T., Darlington, K., Darton, T., Darylile, G., Das, M., Das, S., Daschel, M., Dasgin, J., Datta, D., Daunt, A., Davenport, E., Davey, M., Davey, M., Davey, M., Davey, M., David, A., David, M., Davidson, A., Davidson, L., Davidson, N., Davidson, R., Davies, A., Davies, A., Davies, A., Davies, A., Davies, A., Davies, C., Davies, C., Davies, C., Davies, D., Davies, E., Davies, F., Davies, H., Davies, J., Davies, J., Davies, J., Davies, J., Davies, K., Davies, K., Davies, K., Davies, L., Davies, M., Davies, M., Davies, M., Davies, N., Davies, O., Davies, P., Davies, R., Davies, R., Davies, R., Davies, S., Davies, S., Davis, A., Davis, G., Davis, I., Davis, J.-A., Davis, K., Davis, P., Davison, A., Davison, S., Davy, M., Dawe, C., Dawe, H., Dawkins, M., Dawson, D., Dawson, E., Dawson, J., Dawson, S., Dawson, T., Daxter, A., Day, A., Day, H., Day, J., Day, J., Day, L., D'Costa, P., Vara, S., Vardigans, K., Vardy, S.J., Varghese, A., Varghese, M., Varney, W., Varnier, G., Vasadi, V., Vass, O., Vasu, V., Vasudevan, V., Vatish, M., Vayalaman, H., Vaz, C., Veale, N., Veerasamy, S., Velan, B., Velankar, S., Velauthar, L., Veli, N., Vella, N., Velusamy, A., Venables, I., Venditti, M., Veniard, D., Venkataramakrishnan, R., Venn, R., Venn, R., Ventilacion, L., Vere, J., Veres, M., Vergnano, S., Verling, W., Verma, A., Vernall, R., Vernon, B., Vertue, M., Verula, J., Vethanayagam, N., Veys, L., Vickers, C., Victor, S., Vidler, J., Vietri, W., Vijayakumar, B., Vijayaraghavan Nalini, V.W., Vilcinskaite, B., Vilimiene, N., Vimalanathan, S., Vinall, L., Vinay, S., Vinayakarao, L., Vincent, R., Vincent, R., Virdee, P., Virgilio, E., Virk, A.M., Visentin, E., Visuvanathan, J., Vithian, K., Vittoria, S., Vlad, E., Vlies, B., Vuylsteke, A., Vyras, E., Wach, R., Wadams, B., Wadd, S., Waddington, N., Wadsworth, K., Wafa, S.E., Wagstaff, D., Wagstaff, L., Wahab, D., Wahbi, Z., Waheed Adigun, A., Waidyanatha, S., Wake, R., Wakefield, A., Wakeford, W., Wakelin, M., Wakinshaw, F., Walden, A., Walden, J., Walding, L., Waldron, A., Walker, G., Walker, H., Walker, I., Walker, J., Walker, K., Walker, K., Walker, L., Walker, M.T., Walker, O., Walker, R., Walker, R., Walker, S., Wallbank, D., Wallbutton, R., Wallen, J., Wallendszus, K., Waller, A., Waller, F., Waller, R., Wallis, G., Wallis, G., Wallis, L., Walsh, D., Walsh, E., Walsh, L., Walstow, D., Walter, D., Walters, A., Walters, H., Walters, J., Walters, J., Walton, E., Walton, L., Walton, O., Walton, S., Walton, S., Wan, M., Wan, T., Wands, M., Wane, R., Wang, F., Wang, N., Wang, R., Warbrick, D., Warburton, S., Ward, D., Ward, E., Ward, J., Ward, K., Ward, L., Ward, N., Ward, R., Ward, R., Ward, T., Ward, T., Warden, S.A., Wardle, A., Wardle, K., Wardle, S., Wardy, H., Waring, S., Warmington, J., Warner, B., Warner, C., Warnock, L., Warran, S., Warren, J., Warren, L., Warren, Y., Warren-Miell, H., Warwick, G., Washington, C., Wassall, H., Watchorn, H.J., Waterfall, H., Waters, A., Waters, D., Waterstone, M., Watkins, C., Watkins, C., Watkins, E., Watkins, K., Watkins, L., Watkins, N., Watson, A., Watson, A.J., Watson, E., Watson, E., Watson, P., Watson, R., Watson, R., Watson, S., Watters, M., Watterson, D., Watts, D., Watts, J., Watts, M., Waugh, V., Wayman, E., Wazir, A., Weatherhead, M., Weatherly, N., Weaver, P., Webb, H., Webb, K., Webb, K., Webb, S., Websdale, C., Webster, D., Webster, I., Webster, T., Wedgeworth, K., Wee, L., Weerakoon, R., Weerasinghe, T., Weeratunga, J., Weetman, M., Wei, S., Weichert, I., Welch, H., Welch, J., Welch, L., Welch, S., Weller, S., Wellings, L., Wells, B., Wellstead, S., Welsh, B., Welsh, R., Welters, I., Welton, R., Wentworth, L., Wesseldine, K., Wesson, J., Wesson, J., West, A., West, M., West, R., West, R., West, S., Western, L., Westhead, R., Weston, H., Westwood, A., Wetherill, B., Wheaver, S., Wheeler, H., Whelan, B., Whelband, M., Whileman, A., Whitcher, A., White, A., White, A., White, B., White, C., White, D., White, E., White, J., White, J., White, K., White, M., White, N., White, S., White, S., White, S., White, T., Whitehead, C., Whitehouse, A., Whitehouse, C., Whitehouse, T., Whiteley, J., Whiteley, S., Whiteside, V., Whitley, D., Whitley, K., Whitlingum, G., Whitmore, D., Whittaker, E., Whittam, L., Whittingham Hirst, A., Whittington, A., Whittle, H., Whittle, R., Whyte, S., Wiafe, E., Wiblin, L., Widdrington, J., Wieboldt, J., Wieringa, H., Wiesender, C., Wiffen, L., Wight, A., Wignall, C., Wilcock, D., Wilcock, E., Wilcox, L., Wild, L., Wild, S., Wilde, M., Wilding, P., Wildman, R., Wildsmith, T., Wileman, J., Wiles, D., Wiles, J., Wiles, K., Wilhelmsen, E., Wiliams, T., Wilkes, C., Wilkie, J., Wilkin, D., Wilkins, H., Wilkins, J., Wilkins, S., Wilkinson, H., Wilkinson, H., Wilkinson, I., Wilkinson, L., Wilkinson, M., Wilkinson, N., Wilkinson, S., Wilkinson, S., Wilkinson, T., Willetts, S., Williams, A., Williams, A., Williams, A., Williams, A., Williams, A., Williams, C., Williams, C.V., Williams, C., Williams, D., Williams, G., Williams, G., Williams, G., Williams, H., Williams, J., Williams, J., Williams, J., Williams, J., Williams, J., Williams, K., Williams, K., Williams, M., Williams, M., Williams, P., Williams, P., Williams, R., Williams, R., Williams, S., Williams, S., Williams, S., Williams, T., Williamson, A., Williamson, C., Williamson, C., Williamson, D., Williamson, J.D., Williamson, R., Williamson, H., Willian, B., Willis, E., Willis, E., Willis, H., Willis, H., Willis, J., Willmott, L., Wills, L., Willsher, L., Willshire, C., Willson, F., Wilson, A., Wilson, A., Wilson, A., Wilson, B., Wilson, C., Wilson, E., Wilson, J., Wilson, K., Wilson, K., Wilson, L., Wilson, M., Wilson, M., Wilson, T., Wiltsher, E., Win, M., Win, T., Win, W.Y.W., Winckworth, L., Winder, L., Winder, P., Windrum, P., Winham-Whyte, K., Winmill, H., Winn, S., Winpenny, C., Winslow, H., Winter, H., Winter, J., Winter, P., Winter-Goodwin, B., Wisdom, S., Wise, M., Wiselka, M., Wiseman, R., Wiseman, S., Wishart, S., Wissett, H., Witele, E., Withers, N., Wittes, J., Wixted, D., Wodehouse, T., Wolf, W., Wolff, N., Wolffsohn, K., Wolf-Roberts, R., Wolna, M., Wolodimeroff, E., Wolstencroft, A., Wong, A., Wong, C., Wong, C.-H., Wong, E., Wong, J.S.Y., Wong, K.Y., Wong, L., Wong, M.Y., Wong, N., Wong, S., Wong, Y.M., Wood, A., Wood, C., Wood, C.A., Wood, D., Wood, F., Wood, H., Wood, J., Wood, J., Wood, J., Wood, K., Wood, L., Wood, L., Wood, M., Wood, S., Wood, T., Wood, U., Woodall, K., Woodfield, R., Woodford, C., Woodford, E., Woodford, J., Woodford, L., Woodhead, L., Woodhead, T., Woodland, P., Woodman, M., Woods, D., Woods, J., Woods, K., Woods, S., Woodward, Z., Wookey, R., Woolcock, M., Wooldridge, G., Woolf, R., Woollard, C., Woollard, C., Woollen, L., Woolley, E., Woolley, J., Woosey, D., Wootton, D., Wootton, J., Worley, D., Worton, S., Wraight, J., Wray, M., Wreford-Bush, T., Wren, J., Wren, K., Wren, L., Wrey Brown, C., Wright, C., Wright, D., Wright, F., Wright, I., Wright, L., Wright, L., Wright, P., Wright, R., Wright, R., Wright, S., Wright, T., Wroe, C., Wroe, H., Wu, H., Wu, P., Wu, P., Wubetu, J., Wulandari, R., Wyatt, C., Wyn-Griffiths, F., Wynter, I., Xavier, B., Xhikola, A., Xia, Z., Xiao, H., Yakubi, M., Yan, M., Yang, F., Yang, Y., Yanney, M., Yap, W.L., Yaqoob, N., Yaqub, N., Yasmin, S., Yates, B., Yates, D., Yates, E., Yates, H., Yates, J., Yates, M., Yearwood Martin, C., Yeatman, A., Yein, K., Yelnoorkar, F., Yew, P., Yip, K., Ylquimiche, L., Ylquimiche Melly, L., Ynter, I., Yong, H., Yorke, J., Youens, J., Younes Ibrahim, A., Young, E., Young, G., Young, L., Young, R., Yousafzar, A., Youssouf, S., Yousuf, A., Yu, C., Yung, B., Yusef, D., Yusef, S., Yusuf, I., Zafar, A.-S., Zagalo, S., Zaher, S., Zahoor, A., Zaki, K., Zakir, N., Zalewska, K., Zamalloa, A., Zaman, M., Zaman, R., Zaman, S., Zamikula, J., Zammit, L., Zammit-Mangion, M., Zarb, L., Zebracki, E., Zehnder, D., Zeidan, L., Zelman, M., Zhao, X., Zheng, D., Zhu, D., Zia, M., Zibdeh, O., Zill-E-Huma, R., Zin, E.T., Zindonda, V., Zinkin, E., Zinyemba, V., Zipitis, C., Zmierczak, A., Zubir, A., Zuha, R., Zuhra, N., Zulaikha, R., Zulfikar, S., Zullo, C., Zuriaga-Alvaro, A., Zuurbier, W., Zyengi, S., de Fonseka, D., and Dey, V.
• College/School: College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences > School of Infection & Immunity; College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences > School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing
• Journal Name: Lancet
• Publisher: The Lancet Publishing Group
• ISSN: 0140-6736
• ISSN (Online): 1474-547X
• Published Online: 14 May 2021
• Copyright Holders: Copyright © 2021 The Authors
• First Published: First published in Lancet 397(10289): 2049-2059
• Publisher Policy: Reproduced under a Creative Commons License