Thorburn, F., Yi, X., Greener, Z. M., Kirdoda, J. , Millar, R. W. , Huddleston, L. L., Paul, D. J. and Buller, G. S. (2021) Ge-on-Si single-photon avalanche diode detectors for short-wave infrared wavelengths. Journal of Physics: Photonics, 4, 012001. (doi: 10.1088/2515-7647/ac3839)
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Abstract
Germanium-on-silicon (Ge-on-Si) based single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) have recently emerged as a promising detector candidate for ultra-sensitive and picosecond resolution timing measurement of short-wave infrared (SWIR) photons. Many applications benefit from operating in the SWIR spectral range, such as long distance light detection and ranging, however, there are few single-photon detectors exhibiting the high-performance levels obtained by all-silicon SPADs commonly used for single-photon detection at wavelengths <1 µm. This paper first details the advantages of operating at SWIR wavelengths, the current technologies, and associated issues, and describes the potential of Ge-on-Si SPADs as a single-photon detector technology for this wavelength region. The working principles, fabrication and characterisation processes of such devices are subsequently detailed. We review the research in these single-photon detectors and detail the state-of-the-art performance. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities offered by Ge-on-Si SPAD detectors are discussed.
| Item Type: | Articles |
|---|---|
| Additional Information: | Acknowledgments: Royal Academy of Engineering (RF-201819-18-187, CiET2021_123); Innovate UK (17706, 44835); Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTLX-1000092774); Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK EPSRC; EP/L024020/1, EP/N003446/1, EP/S026428/1, EPN003225/1, EP/T001011/1, EP/T00097X/1). |
| Status: | Published |
| Refereed: | Yes |
| Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID: | Millar, Dr Ross and Paul, Professor Douglas and Kirdoda, Mr Jaroslaw |
| Authors: | Thorburn, F., Yi, X., Greener, Z. M., Kirdoda, J., Millar, R. W., Huddleston, L. L., Paul, D. J., and Buller, G. S. |
| College/School: | College of Science and Engineering > School of Engineering > Electronics and Nanoscale Engineering |
| Journal Name: | Journal of Physics: Photonics |
| Publisher: | IOP Publishing |
| ISSN: | 2515-7647 |
| ISSN (Online): | 2515-7647 |
| Copyright Holders: | Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). |
| First Published: | First published in Journal of Physics: Photonics 4:012001 |
| Publisher Policy: | Reproduced under a Creative Commons Licence |
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