Pascall, D. J. et al. (2020) "Frozen evolution" of an RNA virus suggests accidental release as a potential cause of arbovirus re-emergence. PLoS Biology, 18(4), e3000673. (doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000673) (PMID:32343693) (PMCID:PMC7188197)
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Abstract
The mechanisms underlying virus emergence are rarely well understood, making the appearance of outbreaks largely unpredictable. Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8), an arthropod-borne virus of ruminants, emerged in livestock in northern Europe in 2006, spreading to most European countries by 2009 and causing losses of billions of euros. Although the outbreak was successfully controlled through vaccination by early 2010, puzzlingly, a closely related BTV-8 strain re-emerged in France in 2015, triggering a second outbreak that is still ongoing. The origin of this virus and the mechanisms underlying its re-emergence are unknown. Here, we performed phylogenetic analyses of 164 whole BTV-8 genomes sampled throughout the two outbreaks. We demonstrate consistent clock-like virus evolution during both epizootics but found negligible evolutionary change between them. We estimate that the ancestor of the second outbreak dates from the height of the first outbreak in 2008. This implies that the virus had not been replicating for multiple years prior to its re-emergence in 2015. Given the absence of any known natural mechanism that could explain BTV-8 persistence over this long period without replication, we hypothesise that the second outbreak could have been initiated by accidental exposure of livestock to frozen material contaminated with virus from approximately 2008. Our work highlights new targets for pathogen surveillance programmes in livestock and illustrates the power of genomic epidemiology to identify pathways of infectious disease emergence.
| Item Type: | Articles |
|---|---|
| Status: | Published |
| Refereed: | Yes |
| Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID: | Singer, Dr Josh and Palmarini, Professor Massimo and Da Silva Filipe, Dr Ana and Biek, Professor Roman and Mertens, Professor Peter and Nomikou, Dr Kyriaki and Pascall, Dr David and Jacquot, Dr Maude |
| Creator Roles: | Pascall, D. J.Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing Nomikou, K.Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review and editing da Silva Filipe, A.Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review and editing Jacquot, M.Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review and editing Singer, J. B.Software, Writing – review and editing Palmarini, M.Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing |
| Authors: | Pascall, D. J., Nomikou, K., Breard, E., Zientara, S., Da Silva Filipe, A., Hoffmann, B., Jacquot, M., Singer, J. B., De Clercq, K., Bøtner, A., Sailleau, C., Viarouge, C., Batten, C., Puggioni, G., Ligio, C., Savini, G., van Rijn, P. A., Mertens, P. P.C., Biek, R., and Palmarini, M. |
| College/School: | College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences > School of Infection & Immunity College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences > School of Infection & Immunity > Centre for Virus Research College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences > School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine |
| Journal Name: | PLoS Biology |
| Publisher: | Public Library of Science |
| ISSN: | 1544-9173 |
| ISSN (Online): | 1545-7885 |
| Copyright Holders: | Copyright © 2020 The Authors |
| First Published: | First published in PLoS Biology First published in PLoS Biology 18(4): e3000673 |
| Publisher Policy: | Reproduced under a Creative Commons License |
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