Citoni, B., Ansari, S. , Abbasi, Q. H. , Imran, M. A. and Hussain, S. (2021) Impact of inter-gateway distance on LoRaWAN performance. Electronics, 10(18), 2197. (doi: 10.3390/electronics10182197)
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Abstract
The large-scale behaviour of LoRaWAN networks has been studied through mathematical analysis and discrete-time simulations to understand their limitations. However, current literature is not always coherent in its assumptions and network setups. This paper proposes a comprehensive analysis of the known causes of packet loss in an uplink-only LoRaWAN network: duty cycle limitations, packet collision, insufficient coverage, and saturation of a receiver’s demodulation paths. Their impact on the overall Quality of Service (QoS) for a two-gateway network is also studied. The analysis is carried out with the discrete-event network simulator NS-3 and is set up to best fit the real behaviour of devices. This approach shows that increasing gateway density is only effective as the gateways are placed at a distance. Moreover, the trade-off between different outage conditions due to the uneven distribution of spreading factors is not always beneficial, diminishing returns as networks grow denser and wider. In particular, networks operating similarly to the one analysed in this paper should specifically avoid SF11 and 12, which decrease the average overall PDR by about 7% at 10% nodes increment across all configurations. The results of this work intend to homogenise behavioural assumptions and setups of future research investigating the capability of LoRaWAN networks and provide insight on the weight of each outage condition in a varying two-gateway network.
Item Type: | Articles |
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Status: | Published |
Refereed: | Yes |
Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID: | Ansari, Dr Shuja and Abbasi, Professor Qammer and Imran, Professor Muhammad and Hussain, Dr Sajjad and Citoni, Mr Bruno |
Creator Roles: | Citoni, B.Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing Ansari, S.Software, Validation Abbasi, Q. H.Formal analysis, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing Imran, M. A.Writing – review and editing Hussain, S.Formal analysis, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing |
Authors: | Citoni, B., Ansari, S., Abbasi, Q. H., Imran, M. A., and Hussain, S. |
College/School: | College of Science and Engineering > School of Engineering > Electronics and Nanoscale Engineering College of Science and Engineering > School of Engineering > Systems Power and Energy |
Journal Name: | Electronics |
Publisher: | MDPI |
ISSN: | 2079-9292 |
ISSN (Online): | 2079-9292 |
Published Online: | 08 September 2021 |
Copyright Holders: | Copyright © 2021 The Authors |
First Published: | First published in Electronics 10(18): 2197 |
Publisher Policy: | Reproduced under a Creative Commons License |
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