Duamor, C. T., Hampson, K. , Lankester, F., Sambo, M., Kreppel, K., Wyke, S. and Cleaveland, S. (2021) Use of lay vaccinators in animal vaccination programmes: a scoping review. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(8), e0009691. (doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009691) (PMID:34375325) (PMCID:PMC8378730)
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Abstract
Background: The human resource gap in veterinary sectors, particularly in low-income countries, imposes limitations on the delivery of animal healthcare in hard-to-reach populations. Lay animal health workers have been deployed in these settings to fill the gap though there are mixed views about the benefits of doing this and whether they can deliver services safely. We mapped evidence on the nature and extent of roles assigned to lay animal vaccinators, and identified lessons useful for their future deployment. Methodology/Principal findings: Following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines, we searched seven bibliographic databases for articles published between 1980 and 2021, with the search terms lay OR community-based OR volunteer AND "animal health worker" OR vaccinator*, and applied an a priori exclusion criteria to select studies. From 30 identified studies, lay vaccinators were used by non-government developmental (n = 12, 40%), research (n = 10, 33%) and government (n = 5, 17%) programmes to vaccinate domestic animals. The main reason for using lay vaccinators was to provide access to animal vaccination in the absence of professional veterinarians (n = 12, 40%). Reported positive outcomes of programmes included increased flock and herd sizes and farmer knowledge of best practice (n = 13, 43%); decreased disease transmission, outbreaks and mortality (n = 11, 37%); higher vaccination coverage (10, 33%); non-inferior seroconversion and birth rates among vaccinated herds (n = 3, 10%). The most frequently reported facilitating factor of lay vaccinator programmes was community participation (n = 14, 47%), whilst opposition from professional veterinarians (n = 8, 27%), stakeholders seeking financial gains to detriment of programmes goals (n = 8, 27%) and programming issues (n = 8, 27%) were the most frequently reported barriers. No study reported on cost-effectiveness and we found no record from a low and middle-income country of lay vaccinator programmes being integrated into national veterinary services. Conclusion: Although the majority of included studies reported more benefits and positive perceptions of lay vaccinator programmes than problems and challenges, regularization will ensure the programmes can be designed and implemented to meet the needs of all stakeholders.
| Item Type: | Articles |
|---|---|
| Additional Information: | This study was supported by the following funds. CTD, SC, KK: Funding for postgraduate study (CTD) and preparation of the article was received from the DELTAS Africa Initiative [Afrique One-ASPIRE /DEL-15-008]. Afrique One-ASPIRE is funded by a consortium of donors, including the African Academy of Sciences (AAS), Alliance for Accelerating Excellence in Science in Africa (AESA), the New Partnership for Africa’s Development Planning and Coordinating (NEPAD) Agency, the Wellcome Trust [107753/A/15/Z] and the UK government. CTD received monthly stipend from ASPIRE. FL, SC, KH, SW: Collaborative work for this review was funded through the National Institutes of Health [R01AI141712] and MSD Animal Health. This review was conducted as a recommendation from a meeting funded by the University of Glasgow Small Grants Fund, supported by an allocation of GCRF funding administered by the Scottish Funding Council. K.H. was funded by the Wellcome Trust [207569/Z/17/Z]. |
| Status: | Published |
| Refereed: | Yes |
| Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID: | Wyke, Professor Sally and Kreppel, Dr Katharina and Sambo, Dr Maganga and Cleaveland, Professor Sarah and Lankester, Dr Felix and Hampson, Professor Katie and Duamor, Mr Christian |
| Creator Roles: | Duamor, C.Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing Hampson, K.Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review and editing Lankester, F.Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review and editing Sambo, M.Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation, Writing – review and editing Kreppel, K.Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Validation, Writing – review and editing Wyke, S.Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review and editing Cleaveland, S.Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review and editing |
| Authors: | Duamor, C. T., Hampson, K., Lankester, F., Sambo, M., Kreppel, K., Wyke, S., and Cleaveland, S. |
| College/School: | College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences > School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences > School of Health & Wellbeing > General Practice and Primary Care |
| Journal Name: | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| Publisher: | Public Library of Science |
| ISSN: | 1935-2727 |
| ISSN (Online): | 1935-2735 |
| Published Online: | 10 August 2021 |
| Copyright Holders: | This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication |
| First Published: | First published in PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15(8):e0009691 |
| Publisher Policy: | Reproduced under a Creative Commons License |
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