Armstrong, M., and I. B. Paterson (1970), The Lower Old Red Sandstone of the Strathmore Region, HM Stationery Office. Barker, C. E., and R. H. Goldstein (1990), Fluid-inclusion technique for determining maximum temperature in calcite and its comparison to the vitrinite reflectance geothermometer, Geology, 18(10), 1003–1006, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<1003:FITFDM>2.3.CO;2. Barker, S. L. L., and S. F. Cox (2011), Oscillatory zoning and trace element incorporation in hydrothermal minerals: insights from calcite growth experiments, Geofluids, 11(1), 48–56, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-8123.2010.00305.x. Barker, S. L. L., S. F. Cox, S. M. Eggins, and M. K. Gagan (2006), Microchemical evidence for episodic growth of antitaxial veins during fracture-controlled fluid flow, Earth and planetary science letters, 250(1), 331–344, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.07.051. Barker, S. L. L., V. C. Bennett, S. F. Cox, M. D. Norman, and M. K. Gagan (2009), Sm–Nd, sr, C and O isotope systematics in hydrothermal calcite–fluorite veins: Implications for fluid–rock reaction and geochronology, Chemical geology, 268(1), 58–66, doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.07.009. Bau, M., P. Moeller, and 4. 3 Organic Geochemistry, 4. 0 Chemistry and Material Cycles, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum (1992), Rare-earth element fractionation in metamorphogenic hydrothermal calcite, magnesite and siderite, Mineralogy and Petrology, 45, 231–246. Bergman, S. C., K. W. Huntington, and J. G. Crider (2013), Tracing paleofluid sources using clumped isotope thermometry of diagenetic cements along the moab fault, utah, American journal of science, 313(5), 490–515, doi: 10.2475/05.2013.03. Bluck, B. J. (2000), Old red sandstone basins and alluvial systems of midland scotland, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 180(1), 417–437, doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.180.01.22. Bongiolo, E. M., C. Renac, A. S. Mexias, M. E. B. Gomes, L. H. Ronchi, and P. Patrier-Mas (2011), Evidence of ediacaran glaciation in southernmost brazil through magmatic to meteoric fluid circulation in the porphyry–epithermal Au–Cu deposits of lavras do sul, Precambrian research, 189(3), 404–419, doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2011.05.007. Bonifacie, M., D. Calmels, J. M. Eiler, J. Horita, C. Chaduteau, C. Vasconcelos, P. Agrinier, A. Katz, B. H. Passey, J. M. Ferry, and Others (2017), Calibration of the dolomite clumped isotope thermometer from 25 to 350 c, and implications for a universal calibration for all (ca, mg, fe) CO3 carbonates, Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 200, 255–279. Browne, M., R. Smith, and A. M. Aitken (2002), Stratigraphical framework for the devonian (old red sandstone) rocks of scotland south of a line from fort william to aberdeen, https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/3231/1/Devonian[1].pdf, accessed: 2024-1-15. Cameron, I. B., and D. Stephenson (1985), British regional geology: the Midland Valley of Scotland, HM Stationery Office. Coogan, L. A., R. R. Parrish, and N. M. W. Roberts (2016), Early hydrothermal carbon uptake by the upper oceanic crust: Insight from in situ U-Pb dating, Geology, 44(2), 147–150, doi: 10.1130/G37212.1. Cope, J. C. W., J. K. Ingham, P. F. Rawson, and Geological Society of London (1991), Atlas of Palaeogeography and Lithofacies, Geological Society Memoirs, Geological Society, Bath, England. Coplen, T. B., W. A. Brand, M. Gehre, M. Gröning, H. A. J. Meijer, B. Toman, and R. M. Verkouteren (2006), New guidelines for δ13C measurements, Analytical chemistry, 78(7), 2439–2441, doi: 10.1021/ac052027c. Craddock, J. P., P. Nuriel, A. R. C. Kylander-Clark, B. R. Hacker, J. Luczaj, and R. Weinberger (2022), Long-term (7 ma) strain fluctuations within the dead sea transform system from high-resolution U-Pb dating of a calcite vein, GSA Bulletin, 134(5-6), 1231–1246, doi: 10.1130/B36000.1. Craig, H. (1961), Isotopic variations in meteoric waters, Science, 133(3465), 1702–1703, doi: 10.1126/science.133.3465.1702. Dennis, K. J., H. P. Affek, B. H. Passey, D. P. Schrag, and J. M. Eiler (2011), Defining an absolute reference frame for ‘clumped’ isotope studies of CO2, Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 75(22), 7117–7131, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2011.09.025. Dennis, P. F., D. J. Myhill, A. Marca, and R. Kirk (2019), Clumped isotope evidence for episodic, rapid flow of fluids in a mineralized fault system in the peak district, UK, Journal of the Geological Society, 176(3), 447–461, doi: 10.1144/jgs2016-117. Denniston, R. F., C. K. Shearer, G. D. Layne, and D. T. Vaniman (1997), SIMS analyses of minor and trace element distributions in fracture calcite from yucca mountain, nevada, USA, Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 61(9), 1803–1818, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00049-5. Drost, K., D. Chew, J. A. Petrus, F. Scholze, J. D. Woodhead, J. W. Schneider, and D. A. T. Harper (2018), An image mapping approach to U-Pb LA-ICP-MS carbonate dating and applications to direct dating of carbonate sedimentation, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 19(12), 4631–4648, doi: 10.1029/2018gc007850. Eiler, J. M. (2007), “clumped-isotope” geochemistry—the study of naturally-occurring, multiply-substituted isotopologues, Earth and planetary science letters, 262(3), 309–327, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.08.020. Epstein, S., R. Buchsbaum, H. Lowenstam, and H. C. Urey (1951), CARBONATE-WATER ISOTOPIC TEMPERATURE SCALE, GSA Bulletin, 62(4), 417–426, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[417:CITS]2.0.CO;2. Friedman, I. (1977), Compilation of stable isotope fractionation factors of geochemical interest, Data of Geochemistry, pp. KK1–KK12. Friedman, I., J. O’neil, and G. Cebula (1982), Two new carbonate stable-isotope standards, Geostandards newsletter, 6(1), 11–12, doi: 10.1111/j.1751-908x.1982.tb00340.x. Gleeson, S. A., S. Roberts, A. E. Fallick, and A. J. Boyce (2008), Micro-Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and δD value investigation of hydrothermal vein quartz: Interpretation of fluid inclusion δD values in hydrothermal systems, Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 72(18), 4595–4606, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2008.06.014. Göb, S., A. Loges, N. Nolde, M. Bau, D. E. Jacob, and G. Markl (2013), Major and trace element compositions (including REE) of mineral, thermal, mine and surface waters in SW germany and implications for water–rock interaction, Applied geochemistry: journal of the International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, 33, 127–152, doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.02.006. Hemingway, J. D., and G. A. Henkes (2021), A disordered kinetic model for clumped isotope bond reordering in carbonates, Earth and planetary science letters, 566, 116,962, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116962. Henkes, G. A., B. H. Passey, A. D. Wanamaker, E. L. Grossman, W. G. Ambrose, and M. L. Carroll (2013), Carbonate clumped isotope compositions of modern marine mollusk and brachiopod shells, Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 106, 307–325, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2012.12.020. Henkes, G. A., B. H. Passey, E. L. Grossman, B. J. Shenton, A. Pérez-Huerta, and T. E. Yancey (2014), Temperature limits for preservation of primary calcite clumped isotope paleotemperatures, Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 139, 362–382, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2014.04.040. Herlambang, A., and C. M. John (2021), Combining clumped isotope and trace element analysis to constrain potential kinetic effects in calcite, Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 296, 117–130, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2020.12.024. Hill, C. A., V. J. Polyak, Y. Asmerom, and P. P. Provencio (2016), Constraints on a late cretaceous uplift, denudation, and incision of the grand canyon region, southwestern colorado plateau, USA, from U-Pb dating of lacustrine limestone, Tectonics, 35(4), 896–906, doi: 10.1002/2016tc004166. Hoareau, G., N. Crognier, B. Lacroix, C. Aubourg, N. M. W. Roberts, N. Niemi, M. Branellec, N. Beaudoin, and I. Suárez Ruiz (2021), Combination of ∆47 and U-Pb dating in tectonic calcite veins unravel the last pulses related to the pyrenean shortening (spain), Earth and planetary science letters, 553, 116,636, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116636. Hodson, K. R., J. G. Crider, and K. W. Huntington (2016), Temperature and composition of carbonate cements record early structural control on cementation in a nascent deformation band fault zone: Moab fault, utah, USA, Tectonophysics, 690, 240–252, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2016.04.032. Hoefs, J. (2015), Stable Isotope Geochemistry, Springer International Publishing, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-77692-3. Hole, M., D. Jolley, A. Hartley, S. Leleu, N. John, and M. Ball (2013), Lava–sediment interactions in an old red sandstone basin, NE scotland, Journal of the Geological Society, 170(4), 641–655, doi: 10.1144/jgs2012-107. Horstwood, M. S. A., J. Košler, G. Gehrels, S. E. Jackson, N. M. McLean, C. Paton, N. J. Pearson, K. Sircombe, P. Sylvester, P. Vermeesch, J. F. Bowring, D. J. Condon, and B. Schoene (2016), Community-derived standards for LA - ICP - MS U-(Th-)Pb geochronology – uncertainty propagation, age interpretation and data reporting, Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 40(3), 311–332, doi: 10.1111/j.1751-908x.2016.00379.x. Jochum, K. P., U. Weis, B. Stoll, D. Kuzmin, Q. Yang, I. Raczek, D. E. Jacob, A. Stracke, K. Birbaum, D. A. Frick, D. Günther, and J. Enzweiler (2011), Determination of reference values for NIST SRM 610–617 glasses following ISO guidelines, Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 35(4), 397–429, doi: 10.1111/j.1751-908X.2011.00120.x. Kalliomäki, H., T. Wagner, T. Fusswinkel, and D. Schultze (2019), Textural evolution and trace element chemistry of hydrothermal calcites from archean gold deposits in the hattu schist belt, eastern finland: Indicators of the ore-forming environment, Ore Geology Reviews, 112, 103,006, doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103006. Li, P., H. Zou, F. Hao, X. Yu, G. Wang, and J. M. Eiler (2020), Using clumped isotopes to determine the origin of the middle permian qixia formation dolostone, NW sichuan basin, china, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 122, 104,660, doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104660. Li, Q., R. R. Parrish, M. S. A. Horstwood, and J. M. McArthur (2014), U–Pb dating of cements in mesozoic ammonites, Chemical geology, 376, 76–83, doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.03.020. Lloyd, M. K., U. Ryb, and J. M. Eiler (2018), Experimental calibration of clumped isotope reordering in dolomite, Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 242, 1–20, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2018.08.036. Looser, N., H. Madritsch, M. Guillong, O. Laurent, S. Wohlwend, and S. M. Bernasconi (2021), Absolute age and temperature constraints on deformation along the basal décollement of the jura fold-and-thrust belt from carbonate U-Pb dating and clumped isotopes, Tectonics, 40(3), doi: 10.1029/2020tc006439. Lu, Y.-C., S.-R. Song, P.-L. Wang, C.-C. Wu, H.-S. Mii, J. MacDonald, C.-C. Shen, and C. M. John (2017), Magmatic-like fluid source of the chingshui geothermal field, NE taiwan evidenced by carbonate clumped-isotope paleothermometry, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 149, 124–133, doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.03.004. Lu, Y.-C., S.-R. Song, S. Taguchi, P.-L. Wang, E.-C. Yeh, Y.-J. Lin, J. MacDonald, and C. M. John (2018), Evolution of hot fluids in the chingshui geothermal field inferred from crystal morphology and geochemical vein data, Geothermics, 74, 305–318, doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2017.11.016. Ludwig, K. R. (2003), User’s manual for IsoPlot 3.0, A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel, 71. MacDonald, J. M., J. W. Faithfull, N. M. W. Roberts, A. J. Davies, C. M. Holdsworth, M. Newton, S. Williamson, A. Boyce, and C. M. John (2019), Clumped-isotope palaeothermometry and LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of lava-pile hydrothermal calcite veins, Contributions to mineralogy and petrology. Beitrage zur Mineralogie und Petrologie, 174(7), 63, doi: 10.1007/s00410-019-1599-x. Mangenot, X., M. Gasparrini, A. Gerdes, M. Bonifacie, and V. Rouchon (2018a), An emerging thermochronometer for carbonate-bearing rocks: ∆47 /(U-Pb), Geology, 46(12), 1067–1070, doi: 10.1130/G45196.1. Mangenot, X., M. Gasparrini, V. Rouchon, and M. Bonifacie (2018b), Basin-scale thermal and fluid flow histories revealed by carbonate clumped isotopes (∆47) - middle jurassic carbonates of the paris basin depocentre, Sedimentology, 65(1), 123–150, doi: 10.1111/sed.12427. Marshall, J. E. A., P. D. W. Haughton, and S. J. Hillier (1994), Vitrinite reflectivity and the structure and burial history of the old red sandstone of the midland valley of scotland, Journal of the Geological Society, 151(3), 425–438, doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.151.3.0425. Maskenskaya, O. M., H. Drake, C. Broman, J. K. Hogmalm, G. Czuppon, and M. E. Åström (2014), Source and character of syntaxial hydrothermal calcite veins in paleoproterozoic crystalline rocks revealed by fine-scale investigations, Geofluids, 14(4), 495–511, doi: 10.1111/gfl.12092. Menzies, C. D., D. A. H. Teagle, D. Craw, S. C. Cox, A. J. Boyce, C. D. Barrie, and S. Roberts (2014), Incursion of meteoric waters into the ductile regime in an active orogen, Earth and planetary science letters, 399, 1–13, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2014.04.046. Morad, S., I. S. Al-Aasm, M. Sirat, and M. M. Sattar (2010), Vein calcite in cretaceous carbonate reservoirs of abu dhabi: Record of origin of fluids and diagenetic conditions, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 106(1), 156–170, doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2010.03.002. Nuriel, P., R. Weinberger, A. R. C. Kylander-Clark, B. R. Hacker, and J. P. Craddock (2017), The onset of the dead sea transform based on calcite age-strain analyses, Geology, 45(7), 587–590, doi: 10.1130/G38903.1. Nuriel, P., J. Craddock, A. R. C. Kylander-Clark, I. Tonguç Uysal, V. Karabacak, R. K. Dirik, B. R. Hacker, and R. Weinberger (2019), Reactivation history of the north anatolian fault zone based on calcite age-strain analyses, Geology, 47(5), 465–469, doi: 10.1130/G45727.1. Pagel, M., M. Bonifacie, D. A. Schneider, C. Gautheron, B. Brigaud, D. Calmels, A. Cros, B. Saint-Bezar, P. Landrein, C. Sutcliffe, D. Davis, and C. Chaduteau (2018), Improving paleohydrological and diagenetic reconstructions in calcite veins and breccia of a sedimentary basin by combining ∆47 temperature, δ18Owater and U-Pb age, Chemical geology, 481, 1–17, doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.12.026. Parrish, R. R., C. M. Parrish, and S. Lasalle (2018), Vein calcite dating reveals pyrenean orogen as cause of paleogene deformation in southern england, Journal of the Geological Society, 175(3), 425–442, doi: 10.1144/jgs2017-107. Parry, S. F., S. R. Noble, Q. G. Crowley, and C. H. Wellman (2011), A high-precision U–Pb age constraint on the rhynie chert Konservat-Lagerstätte: time scale and other implications, Journal of the Geological Society, 168(4), 863–872, doi: 10.1144/0016-76492010-043. Passey, B. H., and G. A. Henkes (2012), Carbonate clumped isotope bond reordering and geospeedometry, Earth and planetary science letters, 351-352, 223–236, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.07.021. Price, R. C., C. M. Gray, R. E. Wilson, F. A. Frey, and S. R. Taylor (1991), The effects of weathering on rare-earth element, Y and ba abundances in tertiary basalts from southeastern australia, Chemical geology, 93(3), 245–265, doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(91)90117-A. Purvis, K., P. Dennis, L. Holt, and A. Marca (2020), The origin of carbonate cements in the hildasay reservoir, cambo field, Faroe-Shetland basin; clumped isotopic analysis and implications for reservoir performance, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 122, 104,641, doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104641. Ramsay, J. G., and M. I. Huber (1983), The Techniques of modern structural geology. Volume 1: Strain analysis, Academic Press. Riegel, H., G. Casale, F. Mirabella, E. Hyland, and L. Talegalli (2022), Deep external fluid source along the gubbio normal fault (italy): Implications for slip along the altotiberina active Low-Angle normal fault system, Frontiers of Earth Science in China, 10, doi: 10.3389/feart.2022.811339. Ring, U., and A. Gerdes (2016), Kinematics of the Alpenrhein-Bodensee graben system in the central alps: Oligocene/Miocene transtension due to formation of the western alps arc, Tectonics, 35(6), 1367–1391, doi: 10.1002/2015tc004085. Roberts, N. M. W., and R. J. Walker (2016), U-Pb geochronology of calcite-mineralized faults: Absolute timing of rift-related fault events on the northeast atlantic margin, Geology, 44(7), 531–534, doi: 10.1130/G37868.1. Roberts, N. M. W., E. T. Rasbury, R. R. Parrish, C. J. Smith, M. S. A. Horstwood, and D. J. Condon (2017), A calcite reference material for LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 18(7), 2807–2814, doi: 10.1002/2016GC006784. Rollinson, H. R. (1993), Using Geochemical Data, 1st edition ed., Routledge, doi: 10.4324/9781315845548. Schauble, E. A., P. Ghosh, and J. M. Eiler (2006), Preferential formation of 13C–18O bonds in carbonate minerals, estimated using first-principles lattice dynamics, Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 70(10), 2510–2529, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2006.02.011. Sharp, Z. (2017), Principles of Stable Isotope Geochemistry, 2nd edition, digitalrepository.unm.edu, doi: 10.25844/h9q1-0p82. Shenton, B. J., E. L. Grossman, B. H. Passey, G. A. Henkes, T. P. Becker, J. C. Laya, A. Perez-Huerta, S. P. Becker, and M. Lawson (2015), Clumped isotope thermometry in deeply buried sedimentary carbonates: The effects of bond reordering and recrystallization, GSA Bulletin, 127(7-8), 1036–1051, doi: 10.1130/B31169.1. Simmons, S. F., and B. W. Christenson (1994), Origins of calcite in a boiling geothermal system, American journal of physiology. Renal physiology. Staudigel, P. T., S. Murray, D. P. Dunham, T. D. Frank, C. R. Fielding, and P. K. Swart (2018), Cryogenic brines as diagenetic fluids: Reconstructing the diagenetic history of the victoria land basin using clumped isotopes, Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 224, 154–170, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2018.01.002. Stolper, D. A., and J. M. Eiler (2015), The kinetics of solid-state isotope-exchange reactions for clumped isotopes: A study of inorganic calcites and apatites from natural and experimental samples, American journal of science, 315(5), 363–411, doi: 10.2475/05.2015.01. Sturrock, C. P., E. J. Catlos, N. R. Miller, A. Akgun, A. Fall, R. I. Gabitov, I. O. Yilmaz, T. Larson, and K. N. Black (2017), Fluids along the north anatolian fault, niksar basin, north central turkey: Insight from stable isotopic and geochemical analysis of calcite veins, Journal of Structural Geology, 101, 58–79, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2017.06.004. Swennen, R., E. van der Voet, W. Wei, and P. Muchez (2021), Lower carboniferous fractured carbonates of the campine basin (NE-Belgium) as potential geothermal reservoir: Age and origin of open carbonate veins, Geothermics, 96, 102,147, doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2021.102147. Taylor, H. P. (1974), The application of oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies to problems of hydrothermal alteration and ore deposition, Economic geology and the bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 69(6), 843–883, doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.69.6.843. Thirlwall, M. F. (1981), Implications for caledonian plate tectonic models of chemical data from volcanic rocks of the british old red sandstone, Journal of the Geological Society, 138(2), 123–138, doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.138.2.0123. Thirlwall, M. F. (1982), Systematic variation in chemistry and Nd-Sr isotopes across a caledonian calc-alkaline volcanic arc: implications for source materials, Earth and planetary science letters, 58(1), 27–50, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(82)90101-7. Thirlwall, M. F. (1983), Isotope geochemistry and origin of calc-alkaline lavas from a caledonian continental margin volcanic arc, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 18(1), 589–631, doi: 10.1016/0377-0273(83)90027-6. Trewin, N. H. (2002), The Geology of Scotland, Geological Society of London. Uysal, I. T., Y.-X. Feng, J.-X. Zhao, R. Bolhar, V. Işik, K. A. Baublys, A. Yago, and S. D. Golding (2011), Seismic cycles recorded in late quaternary calcite veins: Geochronological, geochemical and microstructural evidence, Earth and planetary science letters, 303(1), 84–96, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.039. Viete, D. R., G. J. H. Oliver, G. L. Fraser, M. A. Forster, and G. S. Lister (2013), Timing and heat sources for the barrovian metamorphism, scotland, Lithos, 177, 148–163, doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2013.06.009. Wagner, T., A. J. Boyce, and J. Erzinger (2010), Fluid-rock interaction during formation of metamorphic quartz veins: A REE and stable isotope study from the rhenish massif, germany, American Journal of. Weinberger, R., P. Nuriel, A. R. C. Kylander-Clark, and J. P. Craddock (2020), Temporal and spatial relations between large-scale fault systems: Evidence from the Sinai-Negev shear zone and the dead sea fault, Earth-Science Reviews, 211, 103,377, doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103377. Wood, D. A., I. L. Gibson, and R. N. Thompson (1976), Elemental mobility during zeolite facies metamorphism of the tertiary basalts of eastern iceland, Contributions to mineralogy and petrology. Beitrage zur Mineralogie und Petrologie, 55(3), 241–254, doi: 10.1007/bf00371335.