Emotional abuse of girls in Swaziland: prevalence, perpetrators, risk and protective factors and health outcomes

Meinck, F., Fry, D., Ginindza, C., Wazny, K., Elizalde, A. , Spreckelsen, T. F. , Maternowska, M. C. and Dunne, M. P. (2017) Emotional abuse of girls in Swaziland: prevalence, perpetrators, risk and protective factors and health outcomes. Journal of Global Health, 7(1), 010410. (doi: 10.7189/jogh.07.010410) (PMID:28607670) (PMCID:PMC5460395)

Abstract

Background: Research on emotional child abuse in sub–Saharan Africa is scarce. Few studies thus far have examined prevalence, risk and protective factors for emotional child abuse or the associations between emotional abuse and girls’ health. Methods: A nationally representative two–stage, cluster–sampled, household survey of females aged 13–24 years (n=1244) on childhood abuse victimisation was conducted. Participants completed interviewer–assisted questionnaires. Associations between emotional abuse and putative risk, and protective factors and health outcomes were analyzed using separate logistic regression models accounting for sampling design. Marginal effects of cumulative risk factors for emotional abuse victimisation were examined. Results: Lifetime prevalence of emotional abuse was 28.5% with 58.3% of these girls reporting many abusive incidents. The most common perpetrators were female (27.8%) and male (16.7%) relatives and, more rarely, biological parents. Risk factors associated with emotional abuse were frequent caregiver changes (odds ratio (OR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.970, poverty (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.12–2.03), physical abuse (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.45–2.71) and sexual abuse (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.57–3.10) victimisation. Being close to one’s mother was a protective factor (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.80–0.97). Risk for emotional abuse increased from 13% with no risk factors present to 58.4% –with all four risk factors present. Health outcomes associated with emotional child abuse were suicidal ideation (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.30–2.63) and feeling depressed (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.31–2.71). Conclusions: Girls in Swaziland experience high levels of emotional abuse victimisation. Emotional abuse is associated with economic disadvantage, family factors, other types of abuse victimisation and poor mental health. Therefore, a holistic approach to prevention is needed, incorporating poverty reduction and programmes to improve parent– child relationships, reduce the use of harsh criticism, and change parenting social norms.

• Item Type: Articles
• Additional Information: This analysis was funded by PEPFAR through the UNICEF Swaziland country office and conducted by the University of Edinburgh (UoE). Franziska Meinck received additional financial support for her time from an Economic and Social Research Council studentship (OSSID 454387) and the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007–2013, grant agreement 313421].
• Status: Published
• Refereed: Yes
• Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID: Elizalde, Dr Aldo and Spreckelsen, Dr Thees
• Authors: Meinck, F., Fry, D., Ginindza, C., Wazny, K., Elizalde, A., Spreckelsen, T. F., Maternowska, M. C., and Dunne, M. P.
• College/School: College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences > School of Health & Wellbeing > MRC/CSO SPHSU; College of Social Sciences > School of Social and Political Sciences > Sociology Anthropology and Applied Social Sciences
• Journal Name: Journal of Global Health
• Publisher: Edinburgh University Global Health Society
• ISSN: 2047-2978
• ISSN (Online): 2047-2986
• Copyright Holders: Copyright © 2017 The Authors
• First Published: First published in Journal of Global Health 7(1): 010410
• Publisher Policy: Reproduced under a Creative Commons license